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What are the main changes that occurred from australopithecines to Homo? - Answer Smaller, flatter face; reduction in size of dentition; scavenging and tool making What australopithecine species did we most likely evolve from? - Answer Australopithicus robustus What evidence do we have for reorganization and expansion of the human brain? - Answer Tool use Enamel degradation Larger Brain size Homo habilis characteristics and features of its hand and foot - Answer ...

Principle of Fixity of Species - Karl von Linne - Answer All species were created by God (creationist), and each species was fixed in its characteristics and was unchangeable Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Theory of Use and Disuse) - Jean Baptiste Lamarck - Answer All organisms have needs in order to survive (food, avoid predators and other conditions) Met by modification of organs/tissue or the establishment of new organs to satisfy these needs The continued...

Eocene Era: anatomies - Answer * Primates in this era more modern looking - prehenisle hands and feet - nails - large cranial capactiy (compared to Paleocene) - longer snout - eyes foward Eocene Era: Where are these fossils found? - Answer - fossils are found in N. America, Asia, and Europe - during this time N. American and Europe were connected with one another (by Greenland), this may explain similarity among N. American and European species Eocene Era: enviromental co...

Fossil - Answer evidence of pre-existing species Fossil - Answer can be tooth, bone, feather, imprint Porous spaces - Answer If conditions are favorable, minerals replace substances in bone and fill in ___________, converting the bone into a rock. Fossilization - Answer protection from forces of destruction (e.g. death near water or in cave). Physical, Chemical, Biological forces - Answer Bones and teeth can be destroyed by Sources of bias in fossil r...

anthropology - Answer the study of humankind in all times and places what makes anthropology different from other social science fields - Answer -studies culture -reduced ethnocentrism -requires field work and participant observation -involves comparative discipline -holistic view ethnocentrism - Answer judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture the 4 major subfields of anthropology - Answer -archaeology -biological an...

0-20 - Answer Latitudes where dark skin is most likely 60-80 - Answer Latitudes where light skin is most likely Bergmann's Rule - Answer stipulates that body size is larger in colder climates to conserve body temperature Allen's Rule - Answer The principle that an animal's limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments. prenatal stage - Answer The stage of development before birth; divided in...

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PRECEDE evaluation tasks - Answer specifying measurable objectives and baselines PROCEED evaluation tasks - Answer monitoring and continuous quality improvement Phase 1 of Precede-Proceed - Answer social assessment Phase 2 of Precede-Proceed - Answer epidemiological assessment Phase 3 of Precede-Proceed - Answer educational and ecological assessment Phase 4 of Precede-Proceed - Answer administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignme...

What are some early theories on disease causation and distribution? - Answer Ancient Greece & Hippocrates a.) Innate constitution: how people respond to factors within and outside of their body b.) Bodily humors: including blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile c.) Regimen: Exercising, eating habits, sleeping, having sex d.) Environment: air, water, weather, temperature, soil, vegetation Miasma Theory a.) Disease traveled in a mist, striking victims John Snow and Germ Theory ...

Enstrom JE and Kabat GC: Environmental tobacco smoke and tobacco related mortality. OBJECTIVE: To measure the relation between environmental tobacco smoke, as estimated by smoking in spouses, and long-term mortality from tobacco related disease. In the American Cancer Society cancer prevention study (CPS I) enrolled 118,094 adults in 1959 and followed until 1998. Two of the exposures assessed at baseline in 1959 were smoking in the subject and smoking status of the subject's spouse. Thi...

Organized by 5 constructs: Perceived susceptibility --> Belief about the likelihood of getting a disease condition Perceived severity --> Belief about the seriousness of contracting an illness or condition or of leaving it untreated, including physical consequences and social consequences Perceived benefits and barriers to engaging in a behavior Benefits → beliefs about positive features or advantages of a recommended action to reduce threat Barriers → possible obstacles to takin...

10 essential public health - Answer 1. Diagnose & investigate 2. inform, educate and empower 3. mobilize community partnerships 4. develop policies 5. enforce laws 6. link to provide care 7. assure a competent workforce 8. evaluate 9. monitor health 10. research- system management Public health addesses - Answer efforts by society to protect, promote and restore peoples health emphasize disease prevention and health needs of population Factors that determine health - ...

Precontemplation - Answer Peter has been smoking for 15 years. When asked when he will quit smoking, he says that he has no intention to quit in the next 10 months. What stage of TTM is Peter in? Preparation - Answer Veronica reports that she started smoking only one year ago. Due to the physical effects of smoking, Veronica reports she wants to quit within the next month. What stage of TTM is Veronica in? Maintenance - Answer David has been a chain smoker for 25 years an...

Social network theory (SNT) - Answer Stresses the importance of connections or relations for understanding health or other outcomes of individuals (Valente, 2010). Social network analysis (SNA) - Answer is used when network methods are incorporated into other health behavior theories, sometimes as a central component, such as with Diffusion of Innovations theory (Valente, 1995), and sometimes peripherally, as in examining how networks influence normative beliefs. Social support...

Dissemination research - Answer tests of interventions that operationalize one or more diffusion theory-based concepts and concepts from other change approaches, involve complex organizations as the units of adoption, and focus on implementation issues Diffusion - Answer the process through which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. How does diffusion occur? - Answer 1. The need for individuals to reduce pe...

Patient-provider communication has important implications for patient health outcomes. Which of the following are benefits of a patient actively engaging with their physician during a doctor's visit? a. The doctor better understands the patient's values. b. The doctor can uncover any misconceptions the patient has about treatment effects. c. The patient and doctor can collectively select the best decision for treatment based on the patient's circumstances. d. The patient can gain...

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Difference between infectious and non-infectious disease? - Answer Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic organisms Non-infectious disease are any disease not caused by a pathogen Why are infectious diseases a public health concern? - Answer They are a leading cause of death (especially in children in low-income countries) There are still emerging diseases that need to be researched Rise of strain + antibiotic resistance Difference between infectious and communicable d...

case reports - Answer • Descriptive only • In depth write up on one patient • In response to medical event • suggests hypotheses, provides preliminary results • Evidence: one exception can refute a theory trials (experimental) - Answer • Researcher assigns exposure rather than observing • Expected -> beneficial to participant • interventions, treatments and prevention • two variables: exposure status, disease status cohort - Answer - DISEASE FR...

Define epidemiology - Answer Study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems Describe importance of John Snow - Answer Developed science of epi, helped develop germ theory, helped us to see how environmental factors influence infectious and some noninfectious diseases Identify top causes of death and changing patterns over time - Answer Communicable --> no...