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qualitative methods - Answer collect information on non-numerical data - answers the question "what species are present?" - census - DNA - 16s rRNA sequencing - metagenomic sequencing (study of total DNA from samples, "next-gen" sequencing) - Answer list some examples of qualitative methods quantitative methods - Answer collect information on numerical data - answers the question "how abundant is each bacterial species in a population?" - qPCR with ...

Epithelial cells (skin/mucosal epithelial) - Answer Cover all surfaces of the body exposed to the environment Endothelial cells (blood/lymphatic vessels) - Answer Line surface of interior of body; loosely packed for immune cell movement _____ squamous epithelium line cavities like h___, l___, and m___ _____ cuboidal epithelium line K____ and g____ -Both of these are ____ layer for absorption and secretion - Answer Simple squamous epithelium line cavities like heart, lung, ...

Attachment to host cells - Answer colonization Nutrient acquisition - Answer growth (Fe) Evasion of host immune system - Answer allows persistence and survival Dissemination - Answer species survival inside host, shed from host and survive Species survival outside host - Answer "pre‐infection" in environment like soil lie and wait to colonize host cells Disease symptoms - Answer result of microbe and/or its products + host response (can dicta...

Which technique is commonly used for the qualitative method in microbiome studies? - metagenomic sequencing - next generation sequencing - 16S rRNA sequencing - qPCR - Answer 16S rRNA sequencing What is the main advantage of using the 16S rRNA gene for bacterial identification? - it provides information about the metabolic capabilities of bacteria - it is not present in all microbial species - it can be used to study viral genomes - it is large enough to enable discrimination...

If one cannot purify a microbial agent that causes disease because the bacterium cannot be cultured, would Koch's postulated be satisfied? a) no, the bacterium or virus has to be purified and cultured to demonstrate that a given microbe is an agent of a disease b) no, because the Koch's postulates only apply to a viral infection c) yes, Koch's postulates do not apply to non-culturable organisms d) yes, Koch's postulates simply state that one can re-infect animal, so the healt...

What is/are the signal(s) for injectisome assembly? - Answer All answers can be correct, depending on bacterium (Calcium ion levels, pH changes, Contact with host membrane, Oxygen levels) What is true about the Sec systems in Gram-positive bacteria? - Answer Sec2A is rarely required but it is present next to Sec1A in Gram-positive bacteria. It is important under certain stress conditions Which on of these secretion systems is used by Mycobacterium and it is also important in viru...

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The bacterial chromosome is a highly condensed structure that is tightly wound up around itself to fit into the bacterial cell. What is the main enzyme responsible for condensing the DNA? - Answer DNA topoisomerase The discovery of ribozymes provides evidence that life on the early Earth may have been based on - Answer RNA Which of these is considered to be the smallest unit of life? - Answer cell A chemoautotroph: - Answer obtains carbon and energy from inorganic mo...

Some anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria are able to use _______ as an electron source. Fe3+ CO2 Fe2+ H2O nitrate - Answer Fe2+ Nitrogen fixation is the reduction of _______ to ammonia for cell use. nitrite a) dinitrogen gas b) hydroxylamine c) nitric oxide b) nitrate - Answer dinitrogen gas Cyanobacteria use _______ as an electron source for the reduction of NADP+. carbon dioxide glucose nitrate water sulfur - Answer water Which of these is TRUE for ...

What is the most common mechanism for bacterial cell division? - Answer Binary Fission List the four steps of the mechanism above. - Answer 1. Elongation of the cell 2. Replication of the chromosome 3. Separation of the chromosomes into the two parts of the cell 4. Formation of septum in the middle (Cytokinesis, or septation) Define 'Origin of replication'. - Answer Where replication begins How many Origins of replication do bacterial chromosomes have? - Answer ...

Morbidity rate is an important parameter used by epidemiologists to measure disease. If there are 10 new cases of measles per 10,000 individuals in a population in a two-month period, the morbidity rate is _______________. - Answer 0.1% The first epidemiologist was ___________. - Answer John Snow Control measures should be directed toward the part of the infectious disease cycle that is _________. - Answer most susceptible to control Brian lives in a town where 98% of the...

What are micro RNAs? a. tRNAs b. small regulatory RNAs c. rRNAs d. small mRNAs e. mRNAs that encode for regulatory proteins - Answer b. small regulatory RNAs Replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at how many locations? a. One b. Three c. Four d. Two e. Five - Answer a. one Which of these best differentiates DNA and RNA? a. RNA contains ribose and DNA contains deoxyribose b. RNA is single-stranded and DNA is double stranded

Messenger RNA (mRNA) can best be described as a molecule that contains the code for a - Answer polypeptide Replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at how many locations? - Answer one The mRNA of bacterial cells is often polycistronic. What does this term mean? - Answer It contains the code for multiple peptides What is the "sexual transfer" of genes in bacteria called? - Answer conjugation Which term applies to the transfer of genes from mother to dau...

The biochemical reaction, PEP + ADP -> Pyruvate + ATP is an example of which of these? - Answer Substrate-level phosphorylation. Which of these is TRUE for a chemo organoheterotroph? - Answer Uses organic carbon as an electron source and a carbon source. How many NET molecules of ATP are produced during the Embden-Meyerhof pathway of glycolysis for every molecule of glucose that is converted into two molecules of pyruvate? - Answer two Fermentation can most accurat...

When the diet of a ruminant is drastically changed from grass to a starch rich diet, the ruminant may become very ill or die because - Answer of the production of large amounts of acid, resulting in acidosis Lichens contain - Answer at least one fungal heterotrophic partner and at least one phototrophic partner The bacterial group that is responsible for root nodule formation in legumes is - Answer Rhizobia Humans have a - Answer colonic fermentation Leghemoglobin...

major component of the cell wall of microbes in the Bacteria domain - Answer peptidoglycan Truths about early Earth's atmosphere: - Answer -H2 gas was present -reducing atmosphere -Oxygen present in small amounts -N2 present in very large amounts short fiber-like structures that protrude from the bacterial surface and are primarily used for attachment are called - Answer pili study of microbiology includes: - Answer -fungi -algae -bacteria -viruses NOT PLA...

of the production of large amounts of acid, resulting in acidosis. - Answer When the diet of a ruminant is drastically changed from grass to a starch rich diet, the ruminant may become very ill or die because: of the production of large amounts of acid, resulting in acidosis. the starch is broken down very slowly and the rumen becomes clogged. the microbes in the rumen cannot break down starch. they lack a source of protein. at least one fungal heterotrophic partner and at le...

Which of these would a signal peptide be used for in bacteria? - Answer To move a protein to the outside of the cell Which of these is a point mutation that results in changing a codon from an amino acid codon to a stop codon? - Answer nonsense Initiation of translation in bacteria starts with the binding of the ribosome to the mRNA molecule. The ribosomal binding site is nearer the _________ end of the mRNA molecule and is called the ________. - Answer 5' end; Shine-Dalg...

A food spoilage process called _______________ results in the release of foul-smelling amine compounds - Answer putrefaction T/F: Temperature and relative humidity are important intrinsic factors in determining the rate of food spoilage - Answer False T/F: Filtration is sometimes used to remove organisms from beer because it has less effect on the flavor than pasteurization - Answer True T/F: Growth of yeasts and molds will be favored in more acidic foods - Answer Tr...

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