- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

α - correct answers Set at start of experiment Probability of making a Type I Error Normally .05 p-value - correct answers Probability of observed of more extreme result arising by chance Type I Error - correct answers Decide to reject H0 when it is actually true Type II Error - correct answers Decide to retain H0 when it is actually false α and Type II Error - correct answers Making α to strict increases probability of making a Type II error Directional hypothesis - correct ...

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

When do you use a t test? - correct answers When the population SD and variance is unknown You can only calculate z scores when you know the _______. - correct answers population standard deviation Estimated Standard error for single sample t test is the ______. - correct answers Distance between a sample mean and the population mean. If you increase the sample, what happens to the degrees of freedom? - correct answers Increases The ______ the degrees of freedom, the more normal a di...

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

distribution in which one side is a mirror image of the other - correct answers symmetrical distribution distribution wherein the tail points toward the right end of the X-axis - correct answers skewed distribution-positive distribution wherein the tail points toward the left end of the X-axis - correct answers skewed distribution-negative descriptor for the exact location of a score within a distribution - correct answers z-score organized tabulation showing number of individuals lo...

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2 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

What is the relationship between a population and a sample with regard to research? - correct answersA population is the set of all the individuals of interest in a particular study. A sample is a set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study. Because populations tend to be very large, it usually is impossible for a researcher to examine every individual in the population of interest. 2) Define and explain the following terms:...

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16 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

For an ANOVA comparing three treatment conditions, what is stated by the alternative hypothesis (H1)? - correct answersAt least one of the three population means is different form another mean When comparing more than two treatment means, why should you use an analysis of variance instead of using several t tests? - correct answersUsing several t tests increases the risk of a Type I error In an analysis of variance, differences between participants contribute to which of the following vari...

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14 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Sample - correct answers Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to represent the population in a research study. Statistic - correct answers A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. Population - correct answers The entire set of the individuals of interest for a particular research question. Parameter - correct answers A value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. Descriptive Statistics - correct answers Statistical proc...

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

random sample - correct answers A subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole Or each person has an equal chance of being selected Randomly assign - correct answers Assigning half the subjects to a group that will receive treatment and not the other half Population - correct answers The entire collection of events in which you are interested Sample - correct answers Observations from population or selecting a group of people from popul...

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

EXAM 1 - correct answers Imagine that the mean composite ACT score for the entire incoming freshman class at a university is 23. However, if you select a random sample of twenty freshman and compute their mean composite ACT score, you probably will not get exactly 23. The statistical concept that is used to explain the natural difference that exists between the mean of a sample and the mean of the population from which the sample was selected is called a. statistical error b. inferential...

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102 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Descriptive Statistics - correct answers Organize, summarize, and communicate numerical information Inferential Statistics - correct answers Use samples to draw conclusions about a population Population - correct answers A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Sample - correct answers A relatively small proportion of people who are chosen in a survey so as to be representative of the whole. Nominal - correct answers Category or name Ordinal...

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7 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

t statistic - correct answers the distance of a sample mean from a population mean in terms of the estimated standard error single sample t test - correct answers a hypothesis test in which we compare data from one sample to a population for which we know the mean but not the standard deviation degrees of freedom - correct answers the number of scores that are free to vary when estimating a population parameter from a sample paired-samples t test - correct answers used to compare two me...

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3 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Descriptive Statistics - correct answers Organize, summarize and communicate a group of numerical observations. They describe large amounts of data in single numbers or a few numbers. This communicates the message more clearly than a whole list (of weights) ex. The number of pounds an average woman weighed in 1960's vs. 2010. They describe the weights of many people in one number (mean, median, mode) Inferential Statistics - correct answers Use sample data to make general estimates about...

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18 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Define dependent variable. - correct answers The variable that is measured (or observed) Define independent variable. - correct answers The manipulated variable Define variability. - correct answers The degree to which scores in a distribution are clustered together or spread apart (and/or how much they vary around a central point); other answers are acceptable and/or may receive partial credit if they convey this general idea. Define psychology. - correct answersThe scientific study of...

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8 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Population The Set of all individuals interested in a particular study Sample the set of individuals selected from a population usually intended to represent the population in a research study Variable a characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for different individuals Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads Data measurement of observations data set a collection of measurements Datum a single measurement or observation called score or raw score Par...

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7 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

The independent group design involves analysis of the ______ scores and the repeated measures design involves analysis of the ______ scores. a. raw; difference b. raw; raw c. difference; raw d. difference; difference - correct answersa. raw; difference Which of these is (are) true when using the t-test for correlated groups? a. The t-test uses information on the direction of the difference scores b. The t-test uses information on the magnitude difference scores c. The t-test will b...

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Frequency table is better than histogram in summarizing data when ____. - correct answers the data come from a nominal variable On the first exam in an introductory statistics class, the vast majority of students did very well and scored between 80% and 100%, with only a small number of students performing poorly, with scores lower then 60%. What is the description that fits the distribution best? - correct answers The distribution is left-skewed. Which of the following is an example of a ...

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5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Characteristics of science - correct answers A body of knowledge with goal of understanding the natural world (understanding= description, explanation, prediction); both inductive and deductive; falsification; experiments are not necessary Induction - correct answers Formulating principles from observations; "bottom-up" reasoning; from individual observations to general rules or principles; new knowledge can be generated but conclusions are not certain, one can be wrong Deduction - c...

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12 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

which of the measures of central tendency is most affected by others? - correct answers mean students were asked to rate how much they enjoyed a class on a scale of 1 (not at all) to 5 (very much). What scale of measurement us being used here? - correct answers ordinal What measures of central tendency should be used to summarize the data collection in question #2? - correct answers mean median + mode For her capstone project. Adriana decided to measure creativity by giving participant...

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6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

what are the two branches of statistical methods? - correct answers descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics summarize/organize a group of numbers (i.e. data) collected in research study - correct answers descriptive statistics draw conclusions or make inferences that go beyond the data collected; infer from sample to population - correct answers inferential statistics often end up with large amounts of data (if we want to present it, we must find a way to summarize the data) ...

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11 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

On average, what value is expected for the t statistic when the null hypothesis is true? - correct answers0 What is measured by the standard error in the denominator of the t statistic? - correct answers The standard distance between a sample mean and the population mean (M and µ) The sample with the smaller variance will produce... - correct answers the larger t statistic. For a t statistic, the magnitude of the estimated standard error is ______. - correct answers directly related to...

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4 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades

Which of the following is NOT one of the three characteristics of associations between ordinal/ratio variables? Direction Strength Causality Shape - correct answersCausality What kind of relationship between variables does correlation assume? Strong Positive Linear Causal - correct answersLinear What kind(s) of variables are needed to run a correlation? An ordinal or ratio/interval variable, assessed at two occasions. A nominal variable and an ordinal or ratio/interval vari...

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27 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

RealGrades