- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

Pcol 838 A&B Exam Package Deal Questions And Verified Detailed Answers | 100% Guaranteed Pass | Already Graded A+

-

2 items

NinjaNerd

Pcol 838 Exam Package Deal Questions And Verified Detailed Answers | 100% Guaranteed Pass | Already Graded A+

-

4 items

NinjaNerd

PCOL 838 Exam Package Deal Questions and Verified Answers (2025 / 2026)

-

21 items

TheStar

Acrocentric - ANS the terminal location of the centromere on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 Allelic heterogeneity - ANS The situation on which allels at a single locus can produce one or more disease phenotypes Amorphic - ANS general term used to denot any unbalances chromosome complement Antimorphic - ANS pathogenic variants that, when present in heterozygous form opposite nonmutant allele, will result in a phenotype similar to homozygosity for loss-of-function alleles Ascertainment ...

-

6 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Two predominant lobes - ANS The liver is anatomically separated into..... Posterior caudate and inferior quadrate lobes - ANS The lesser segments of the right lobe. Four sectors - ANS The liver is functionally differentiated into.... Hepatic portal vein (~75%) and hepatic arteries (~25%) - ANS The central veins receive a dual blood supply from the.... Portal vein/hepatic artery, central vein, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava - ANS What is the blood flow to the liver in order? PCOL 838 LIV...

-

12 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Blood circulation pathway - ANS ↷ Capillaries → Venules→ Veins→ Superior Vena Cava→ Right Atrium→ Tricuspid valve→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary valve→ Pulmonary arteries→ Lungs→ Pulmonary veins→ Left Atrium→ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve→ Left ventricle→ Aortic valve→ Aorta→ Arteries→ arterioles ↻ Role of blood vessels - ANS Transport materials Byproduct removal from tissues Specialized receptors and messengers on endothelium Cell Types in blood vessels - ANS...

-

20 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What are the main exocrine functions of the pancreas? - ANS -to release digestive enzymes -to help with the digestion of food What are the two exocrine cell types of the pancreas? - ANS -acinar cells -ductal cells What is the function of acinar cells? - ANS -to secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreas What is the function of the ductal cells? - ANS -to secrete pancreatic juice that contains sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes food PCOL838 - DISORDERS OF THE PANCREAS EXAM 2025 QUESTI...

-

21 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What are the histologic layers of the adrenal cortex, and what steroids does each secrete? - ANS Zona glomerulosa (outer): aldosterone (mineralocorticoid) Zona fasciculata (middle): cortisol (glucocorticoid) Zona reticularis (inner): DHEA (androgen) Medulla: catecholamines (Epi,NE) What triggers glucocorticoid secretion? - ANS Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from anterior lobe of pituitary gland (1). PCO...

-

12 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What is a vector in terms of infectious disease? - ANS An organism that carries a pathogen Which of the following is a common example of a vector pathogen? a.) Malaria b.) COVID-19 c.) Ebola d.) Tuberculosis - ANS a.) Malaria Which of the following are possible types of pathogens? a.) Fungus b.) Bacteria c.) Protozoa d.) Viruses PCOL 838: FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026 e.) Misfolded proteins f.) All of the above - ANS f.) All of th...

-

26 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

The respiratory system is comprised of which of the following zones? Select all that apply. a.) Conducting zone b.) Blood zone c.) Apparatus zone d.) Respiratory zone - ANS A and D Conducting zone and Respiratory zone What is the conducting zone? a.) It forms a continuous passageway for air to move in and out of the lungs. b.) It is found deep inside the lungs and is made up of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. - ANS a.) It forms a continuous passageway for air t...

-

69 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

The thyroid gland synthesizes the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which pair _____ that regulate the body's metabolic rate Iodine-containing amino acids What are thyroid hormones necessary for in infants, children, and adults? -Infants: normal CNS development -Children: skeletal growth (bone and muscle) -Adults: normal function The thyroid gland is highly ____ and has one of the highest rates of blood flow per gram of tissue of any organ Vascular The thyroid gland ...

-

11 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Components of the urinary system kidneys → ureters → bladder → urethra (prostate if male) kidneys -produce urine -2 bean shaped organs located in middle back below rib cage -divided into outer cortex and inner medulla medulla contains renal pyramids and renal columns excretory duct system -transports urine -include ureter, renal pelvis, major calyces, and minor calyces ureter delivers urine into bladder PCOL 838 RENAL DISEASE EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2 @COPYRIGHT THE...

-

12 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Anatomy of liver -Wrapped in tough fibrous capsule, covered by visceral peritoneum, divided into 2 lobes (left and right) -Can be differentiated functionally via the portal blood flow into 4 sectors, which are further divided into 8 segments Blood flow in liver -Hepatic portal system: the central veins receive dual blood supply from hepatic portal vein (~75%) and hepatic arteries (~25%) Portal vein/Hepatic artery → Central vein → Hepatic vein → Inferior vena cava -Hepatic portal v...

-

17 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Function of the hypothalamus respond to deviations in set points (body temperature, blood volume, osmolality, satiety, fat content, body weight) set points that can change: body fat content body weight satiety set points that don't really tolerate change: body temp blood volume osmolality coordinated responses to set point deviations include PCOL 838 HYPO-PITUITARY EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026 nervous system: leads to behavior changes (i.e. inc...

-

14 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What are the two arms of the immune system? - innate immunity - adaptive immunity what are mechanisms of innate immunity? - rapid response (minutes to hours) - fixed response - limited number of specificities - constant during response what are mechanisms of adaptive immunity? - slow response (days-weeks) PCOL 838 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026 - variable - numerous highly selective specificities - improve during response what ar...

-

26 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Prevalence of CV diseases 1. Coronary Heart Disease 2. Stroke 3. Sudden cardiac arrest 4. Atrial fibrillation 5. HF 6. Valvular disease What is the cardiac output rate? About 4-7 L/min How much blood is circulated per day? Around 7200 L What is chronotropy? Speed of contraction What is inotropy? Strength of contraction What is lusitropy? Muscular relaxation/diastolic fill Stroke volume problems are coronary diseases leading to _____ Cardiomyopathy What are stroke vol

-

5 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Function of the mouth Taste, chewing Function of the esophagus Transport Function of the liver Metabolism, detoxification, bile production Function of the small intestine Digestion, absorption Function of the cecum Storage Function of the saliva Lubrication, protection, digestion Function of the gallbladder Bile storage Function of the stomach Storage, grinding, mixing, digestion, acid secretion Function of the pancreas Enzymes, HCO3- buffer Function of the large intestine Flu...

-

8 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What do the kidneys do? filter blood and produce urine Where are the kidneys located Paired, bean-shaped organs are located in the middle of your back, just below the rib cage How is the kidney divided? Divided into outer cortex and inner medulla (renal pyramids and columns) What does the excretory duct system do? transports urine What does the the ureter do? delivers urine into bladder What is the renal pelvis? expanded upper portion of ureter What are the major calyces? subdivisio...

-

9 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

What are the roles of blood vessels? -Transport and delivery of raw materials to tissues and removal of byproduct from tissues -Recognition and communication with specialized receptors and messengers on endothelium What are endothelial cells? Single layer of cells lining the blood What do endothelial cells do? -Secrete growth regulators and vasoactive substances -Respond to changes in blood flow, stretch, circulating substances and inflammatory mediators What role do vascular smooth musc...

-

8 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a _____ (homogeneous/heterogenous) disease caused by mutation to genes involving type 1 collagen formation Heterogenous Osteogenesis imperfecta is an autosomal _____ (recessive/dominant) inheritance due to haploinsuffieciency or dominant negative mutants Dominant Type 1 OI is a mild autosomal dominant mutation that is ______ (amorphic, antimorphic, etc) that leads to short stature, postnatal fractures, bleu scleras, and hearing loss Amorphic-> normal but red...

-

7 pages

Written in 2025/2026

Grade A+

TheStar