PCOL 838 EXAM 2 REVIEW 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Blood circulation pathway - ANS ↷ Capillaries → Venules→ Veins→ Superior Vena Cava→
Right Atrium→ Tricuspid valve→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary valve→ Pulmonary arteries→
Lungs→ Pulmonary veins→ Left Atrium→ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve→ Left ventricle→ Aortic
valve→ Aorta→ Arteries→ arterioles ↻
Role of blood vessels - ANS Transport materials
Byproduct removal from tissues
Specialized receptors and messengers on endothelium
Cell Types in blood vessels - ANS Endothelial cells
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Endothelial cells - ANS Single layer
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,Secrete growth regulars and vasoactive substances
Respond to change in blood flow, stretch, circulating substances, inflammatory mediators
Vascular smooth muscle cells - ANS Blood pressure and hypertension
Arteries - ANS Carry blood away from heart
Aorta> Large arteries> arterioles
Stretch during systole, recoil during diastole
Main controlling BP vessels
Resistance vessels - ANS Vasoconstriction> vasodilatory function
Capillaries - ANS Terminal portion of arterioles
Single layer endothelial cells
Allows transfer of substances
Endothelial cell and solute exchange
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, vesiclar transport - ANS Endocytosis of plasma
Movement across endothelial cell cytoplasm
Exocytosis on tissue side
Veins - ANS Carry blood from the body to the heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Less smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Capacitance vessels
capacitance vessels - ANS Vasodilatory > vasoconstriction function
Veins vs Arteries - ANS Veins have valves that prevent blood flow backwards, especially in
the legs
Lymphatics - ANS Collect plasma and lymph that have drained from capillaries into interstitial
space
Drain excess fluid in tissues back into vascular system
3 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Blood circulation pathway - ANS ↷ Capillaries → Venules→ Veins→ Superior Vena Cava→
Right Atrium→ Tricuspid valve→ Right Ventricle→ Pulmonary valve→ Pulmonary arteries→
Lungs→ Pulmonary veins→ Left Atrium→ Bicuspid (Mitral) valve→ Left ventricle→ Aortic
valve→ Aorta→ Arteries→ arterioles ↻
Role of blood vessels - ANS Transport materials
Byproduct removal from tissues
Specialized receptors and messengers on endothelium
Cell Types in blood vessels - ANS Endothelial cells
Vascular smooth muscle cells
Endothelial cells - ANS Single layer
1 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
,Secrete growth regulars and vasoactive substances
Respond to change in blood flow, stretch, circulating substances, inflammatory mediators
Vascular smooth muscle cells - ANS Blood pressure and hypertension
Arteries - ANS Carry blood away from heart
Aorta> Large arteries> arterioles
Stretch during systole, recoil during diastole
Main controlling BP vessels
Resistance vessels - ANS Vasoconstriction> vasodilatory function
Capillaries - ANS Terminal portion of arterioles
Single layer endothelial cells
Allows transfer of substances
Endothelial cell and solute exchange
2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
, vesiclar transport - ANS Endocytosis of plasma
Movement across endothelial cell cytoplasm
Exocytosis on tissue side
Veins - ANS Carry blood from the body to the heart
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava
Less smooth muscle and elastic tissue
Capacitance vessels
capacitance vessels - ANS Vasodilatory > vasoconstriction function
Veins vs Arteries - ANS Veins have valves that prevent blood flow backwards, especially in
the legs
Lymphatics - ANS Collect plasma and lymph that have drained from capillaries into interstitial
space
Drain excess fluid in tissues back into vascular system
3 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
