PCOL838 CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Prevalence of CV diseases
1. Coronary Heart Disease
2. Stroke
3. Sudden cardiac arrest
4. Atrial fibrillation
5. HF
6. Valvular disease
What is the cardiac output rate?
About 4-7 L/min
How much blood is circulated per day?
Around 7200 L
What is chronotropy?
Speed of contraction
What is inotropy?
Strength of contraction
What is lusitropy?
Muscular relaxation/diastolic fill
Stroke volume problems are coronary diseases leading to _____
Cardiomyopathy
What are stroke volume problem examples?
1 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
, -Initial damage within coronary (HTN, infection)
-Immune response (macrophage localization)
-LDL cholesterol consumed by macrophage forms foam cell
-Plaques
-Cardiomyopathy (HF)
-Increased afterload (HTN), decreased preload (Dehydration, pulmonary HTN)
-Valvular stenosis/regurgitation (aortic valve, mitral valve)
-Restriction: pericardial effusion, pericarditis
-Obstruction: HOCM (outflow tract issues), tumor/abnormal growth
What is acute coronary syndrome?
Develops when ischemia is prolonged and not immediately reversible. Encompases a spectrum
of unstable angina, non-st-segment-elevation myocardial infaction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
ACS pain is derived from what?
Lactic acid production due to anaerobic respiration
ACS pain is described as what?
Sub-sternal, crushing, radiating (jaw, left arm, back)
75% coronary blockage will cause ___
Ischemia
Angiogenesis and collateral blood flow can be supplement/save _____
Myocardium
Discomfort in the jaw/chest brought on by exertion or emotional stress that is relieved by rest
Stable angina
Decreased supply of myocardial oxygen is caused by what?
-Coronary blockage
-Anemia
-Poor O2 saturation (pulmonary disease)
Increased demand for myocardial oxygen is caused by what?
-High wall stress (afterload/preload)
-Increased heart rate
-Contractility
What is coronary hypertrophy related to?
Irritation, inflammation, repair, and hypertrophy with bare metal stent
2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
EXAM 2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Prevalence of CV diseases
1. Coronary Heart Disease
2. Stroke
3. Sudden cardiac arrest
4. Atrial fibrillation
5. HF
6. Valvular disease
What is the cardiac output rate?
About 4-7 L/min
How much blood is circulated per day?
Around 7200 L
What is chronotropy?
Speed of contraction
What is inotropy?
Strength of contraction
What is lusitropy?
Muscular relaxation/diastolic fill
Stroke volume problems are coronary diseases leading to _____
Cardiomyopathy
What are stroke volume problem examples?
1 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
, -Initial damage within coronary (HTN, infection)
-Immune response (macrophage localization)
-LDL cholesterol consumed by macrophage forms foam cell
-Plaques
-Cardiomyopathy (HF)
-Increased afterload (HTN), decreased preload (Dehydration, pulmonary HTN)
-Valvular stenosis/regurgitation (aortic valve, mitral valve)
-Restriction: pericardial effusion, pericarditis
-Obstruction: HOCM (outflow tract issues), tumor/abnormal growth
What is acute coronary syndrome?
Develops when ischemia is prolonged and not immediately reversible. Encompases a spectrum
of unstable angina, non-st-segment-elevation myocardial infaction (NSTEMI), and ST-segment
elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
ACS pain is derived from what?
Lactic acid production due to anaerobic respiration
ACS pain is described as what?
Sub-sternal, crushing, radiating (jaw, left arm, back)
75% coronary blockage will cause ___
Ischemia
Angiogenesis and collateral blood flow can be supplement/save _____
Myocardium
Discomfort in the jaw/chest brought on by exertion or emotional stress that is relieved by rest
Stable angina
Decreased supply of myocardial oxygen is caused by what?
-Coronary blockage
-Anemia
-Poor O2 saturation (pulmonary disease)
Increased demand for myocardial oxygen is caused by what?
-High wall stress (afterload/preload)
-Increased heart rate
-Contractility
What is coronary hypertrophy related to?
Irritation, inflammation, repair, and hypertrophy with bare metal stent
2 @COPYRIGHT THESTAR 2025/2026
