- Study guides, Class notes & Summaries

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals,water Six basic nutrients required by the body Carbohydrates Atoms: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, Functions: An important source of energy for metabolism The structural component of cells ie. Cellulose and Chiton Monosaccharides (simple sugars) The simplest unit of carbohydrates they are usable forms of energy. EX: Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose Disaccharides These are two simple sugars joined together. Examples include: Sucrose: (glucose + f...

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6 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? any sagittal plane except in the midline In which body cavities are the lungs located? pleural, ventral, thoracic You are asked to take a person's heart rate at the popliteal pulse point. You will look for this pulse ________. on the posterior side of the knee It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________. physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy What is a vertical section through the bo...

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5 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What are the three hypotheses that form the cell theory? The cell is the basic living unit of organization for all organisms All organisms are made of cells or cell products All cells come from other cells Explain the difference between biogenesis and abiogenesis. 2. Biogenesis - living things (life) only arises from other living things Abiogenesis - living things (life) can arise from non-living thing Explain the role of the microscope in the discovery of cells and microscopic organisms. The ...

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7 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Cytoplasm Protoplasm found between the nucleus and the cell membrane - liquid gel - creates chemical reactions Cell Membrane Location: surrounds the cell - lets things in and out of the cell - made up of bi lipid phosphate - the fluid mosaic model Nucleus Location: round membrane structure located in the cytoplasm - serves as the control center for metabolism and reproduction of a cell Nucleolus Location: found inside the nucleus - produces ribosomes - produces the DNA of a cell Nuclear Memb...

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4 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

(1) Define ecology. What is the most important component of this definition? Ecology is a science that looks at how biotic things interact with each other and abiotic things in an ecosystem. The most important component of this is looking at the interactions between biotic and abiotic factors. It is the main purpose behind ecology. (2) Define ecosystem. Can a spoonful of soil be an ecosystem? Ecosystem is a system made up of all interacting living and nonliving parts of an environment. A spoonf...

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6 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

1. Spontaneous Generation: also called abiogenesis the idea that life (cells) can develop from non-living matter (2) Biogenesis: the belief that life (cells) come from pre-existing life (cells) What are the 2 opposing theories regarding the origin of the first living cells? Explain each. Aristotle - BCE worked in ancient Greece, used observation & thought (no experiments) supported spontaneous generation life comes directly from elements: Earth, fire, air, water ex: frogs grow from pond mud in ...

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6 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

What is the conus medullaris? end of spinal cord What is a gated channel? A channel with a gate that allows only certain molecules to pass through (Na+, K+, Ca2+ or Cl-) What is a voltage gated channel? Type of plasma membrane ion channel that opens and closes in response to membrane potential (Na+, Ca2+, K+, or Cl-) What is a leaky channel? always open What is the sodium-potassium pump? Allows cells to maintain low internal concentration of Na+(2) and a high concentration of K+ (3) What ar...

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8 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Life processes within the cell 1. Ingestion: Process of taking materials into a cell. 2. Digestion: Process of breaking down molecules into smaller parts. 3. Transportation: Moving materials around inside a cell. 4. Excretion: Process of removing waste materials or excess materials from a cell Ingestion Process of taking materials into a cell Digestion Process of breaking down molecules into smaller parts Transportation Moving materials around inside a cell Excretion Process of removing wast...

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7 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Cell theory living things com from other living things isms have 1 or More cells are the basic unit and structure activity of the entire organism depends on the total activity of its independent cells Abiogenesis Living things come from non- living things Biogenesis Living things come from living things Compound microscope A microscope that has one lens (u look through) and the objective lenses (close to slide) Objective Lenses above the slide consists of 4x 10x and 40x Fine adjustment k...

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5 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

homeostasis Your body must maintain the proper internal conditions for all its cells. The ability of your body to maintain an internal balance is called _______________; The process of maintaining a relatively constant internal physiological environment despite changing external conditions. homeostasis body constants • body temperature of 37 degrees C • blood pH of 7.4 • blood pressure 120/80 mmHg • 0.1% blood sugar Negative feedback mechanism The most common homeostatic control mechan...

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11 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Biochemistry The study of the property of molecules and their importance to living systems ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) An energy carrying molecule that releases energy when it loses a phosphate Proteins Raw materials used to make muscle, hormones and other molecules. Embedded in the cellular membrane to assist in transport. Disaccharide A double sugar molecule Cholesterol A lipid that assists in the fluidity of the cellular membrane allowing it to function at multiple temperatures. Simple ...

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3 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Hormones chemical messengers Neural Pathway the path that information takes as it moves through the body (sensory receptor -> sensory neuron -> interneuron -> motor neuron -> muscle) Reflex arc Pathway: sensory neuron --> interneuron --> motor neuron (no brain involvement) Neuron a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system Cell body, axon, dendrites parts of a neuron Dendrites thread like projections that branch out from the cell body, the primary sites fo...

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10 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

All proteins and RNAs pass through many unstable conformations as they are folded, finally settling on one single, preferred conformation. True Condensation reactions occur in the synthesis of all the macromolecules found in cells. True Transcription is similar to DNA replication in that________ nucleotide polymerization occurs only in the 5'-to-3' direction How many replication forks are formed when an origin of replication is opened? 2 Mutations.... A mutation is a change in the DNA that...

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14 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Homeostasis refers to maintaining a homeostatic internal balance regardless of external exchange ex: body temperature What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system? 1. Central Nervous System 2. Peripheral Nervous System What is the central nervous system made up of? the brain and spinal cord What is the peripheral nervous system? the division of the nervous system made up of all the neurons and nerve fibres outside of the brain and spinal cord Central nervous system is the place to w...

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10 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Respiratory System • To obtain oxygen (O2) for all cells in the body. • To rid the cells of waste gas (CO2). Oxygen vital chemical for most life on Earth used in chemical reactions to release energy from food. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a common waste Breathing Inspiration - taking in air Expiration - releasing air External Respiration O2/CO2 exchange between air and blood Internal Respiration O2/CO2 exchange between blood and cells Cellular Respiration Complex chemical reactions pleurisy...

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4 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Eukaryote An organism whose cells have a distinct nucleus and cytoplasm. They probably evolved in a series of stages, including the acquisition of mitochondria by engulfment of aerobic bacteria and (for plant cells) the acquisition of chloroplasts by engulfment of photosynthetic bacteria. These cell type includes plants, animals and fungi. Nucleus In biology, refers to the prominent, rounded structure that contains the DNA of a eukaryotic cell. In chemistry, refers to the dense, positively char...

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4 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

Circulatory System In animals, the system of vessels that transports blood, cells and substances dissolved in blood throughout the body 1. Transports gases, nutrients and waste materials 2. Regulates internal temperature and transports hormones 3. Protects against blood loss from injury and diseases/toxic substances being introduced into the body Main functions of the circulatory system (3) 1. Pumping blood through the body 2. Keeping oxygen-rich blood separate from oxygen-poor blood 3. Ensuri...

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3 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

main function of respiratory system To help us breathe by bringing in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide Breathing The act of taking air into and out of the body Inspiration Breathing in Expiration Breathing out Gas exchange/respiration The exchange of 02 and C02 between the air and the blood across a semi-permeable membrane, occurs in the lungs cellular respiration Final stage in respiration, occurs in cells, releases energy for basic life processes to help the body maintain homeostasis T...

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2 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

twishfrancis

BIO 2201 Exam 3|Complete Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+ What are the Biosafety Levels from lowest to highest-risk microbes? BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3, BSL-4 What are common control protocols? Disinfection, sterilization, sanitation, antisepsis, degerming Examples of physical methods Heat, freezing, autoclave (GOLD standard), pasteurization, high pressure processing Examples of chemical controls Food preservatives - contains the word "acid" in them; enzyme inhibitors - reduce bact...

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4 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

QUICKEXAMINER

BIO 2201 Exam 3|Complete Questions with Correct Answers Graded A+ What are the Biosafety Levels from lowest to highest-risk microbes? BSL-1, BSL-2, BSL-3, BSL-4 What are common control protocols? Disinfection, sterilization, sanitation, antisepsis, degerming Examples of physical methods Heat, freezing, autoclave (GOLD standard), pasteurization, high pressure processing Examples of chemical controls Food preservatives - contains the word "acid" in them; enzyme inhibitors - reduce bact...

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4 pages

Written in 2023/2024

Grade A+

TheInstructor