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NURS 6501 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/ 2027
UPDATES
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM VERSION 1/NURS 6501
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM FORM A 100 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/GRADED
A+
Acute renal failure
----Solution----
Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis
----Solution----
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar
to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
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-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
----Solution----
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure
----Solution----
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
----Solution----
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End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the
number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension.
At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD
----Solution----
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD
----Solution----
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
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60-89
Stage III CKD
----Solution----
There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD
----Solution----
There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD
----Solution----
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR
----Solution----
Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
NURS 6501 FINAL EXAM ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026/ 2027
UPDATES
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM VERSION 1/NURS 6501
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM FORM A 100 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS/GRADED
A+
Acute renal failure
----Solution----
Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output;
this indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis
----Solution----
Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar
to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
,2|Page
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones)
----Solution----
Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
Chronic Renal Failure
----Solution----
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function
associated with systemic disease such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus
(most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or intrinsic
kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis?
----Solution----
,3|Page
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the
number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension.
At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR
rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked
T-waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication
for dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and
Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
Stage I CKD
----Solution----
There is kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD
----Solution----
There is kidney damage with mild decrease in GFR
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60-89
Stage III CKD
----Solution----
There is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD
----Solution----
There is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD
----Solution----
Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is
inevitable as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR
----Solution----
Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
