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NAVLE/ NAVLE (NORTH AMERICAN
VETERINARY LICENSING) EXAM
UPDATED 2025/ 2026 NAVLE/
NAVLE (NORTH AMERICAN
VETERINARY LICENSING) EXAM
REVIEW & PRACTICE TESTBANK
WITH EXPERT VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND APPROVED
ANSWERS FOR GUARANTEED PASS
GRADED A+
An 8-year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of
colic. On presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28,
and is seen rolling on the ground. CRT is approximately 3.0 seconds and
mucous membranes are slightly red. She has rectal temperature is
101.6F. Gastrointestinal sounds are completely absent and gastric reflux
yielded 15L of brown- to yellow- colored fluid. Peritoneal fluid analysis
yielded a cloudy yellow fluid with a protein of 2.8 gm/dl and white
blood cell count of 11,354/ul. Which of the following is not a likely
diagnosis?
Epiploic foramen entrapment
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Mesenteric rent
Small intestinal volvulus
Strangulating lipoma
----Solution----Strangulating lipoma
Explanation - The correct answer is strangulating lipoma. The clinical
signs are consistent with any of the answer choices. However, a
strangulating lipoma is least likely to be the case since this horse is still
relatively young. Strangulating lipomas are commonly seen in older
horses.
What is the main lesion associated with polioencephalomalacia in cattle?
Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Bacterial infiltration of the gyri
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Herniation of the cerebellum
----Solution----Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Explanation - The correct answer is necrosis of the cortical grey matter.
A normocytic, normochromic anemia is considered an anemia of chronic
disease and is not really a lesion. Herniation of the cerebellum through
the foramen magnum or the occipital cortex under the tentorium
cerebelli may occur, however, only in severe cases, and is associated
more with severe swelling of the brain as in salt poisoning. Polio results
,3|Page
from thiamine deficiency and has nothing to do with bacterial invasion
in the brain.
A 4 month old Holstein heifer has a loud cough, tachypnea, diarrhea,
and ill thrift of 8 days duration. However, there are no signs of sepsis,
depression, or loss of appetite. On physical exam, you could hear
crackles and wheezes over the lung fields and a harsh bronchial tone
cranioventrally. Given this presentation what is the most likely
diagnosis?
Enzootic pneumonia
Moldy sweet potato poisoning
Shipping Fever
Aspiration pneumonia
----Solution----Enzootic pneumonia
Explanation - The correct answer is enzootic pneumonia. This disease is
multifactorial but is mainly a result of poor housing and environment
(poor sanitation and ventilation). Calves with enzootic pneumonia will
have cranioventral consolidation and many times they have diarrhea as a
result of being infected with Eimeria bovis (like this one). Shipping
fever (fibrinous pleuropneumonia) will most likely present with more
systemic signs, which is key in differentiating the two diseases.
Aspiration pneumonia will probably not result in diffuse lung pathology
without also causing systemic signs. Moldy sweet potato poisoning is a
good differential and will result in respiratory disease followed by death,
but there was no history of exposure here. However, these animals will
typically present with more acute respiratory distress and will probably
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not survive for 8 days, as death usually ensues 2-5 days after exposure.
The principal toxin is ipomeanol which is produced by sweet potatoes
infected with Fusarium javanicum or F. solani. Ipomeanol will destroy
clara cells and type I pneumocytes.
A 13-year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia,
weight loss, and vomiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless,
more active, and more aggressive than before. Which test would
diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
Liver panel
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy
Abdominal ultrasound
Renal panel and urinalysis
Serum T4
----Solution----Serum T4
Explanation - The correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely
hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, weight loss, and hyperactivity are classical
clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism. Other signs might include a
dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression. Lethargy,
anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition
apathetic hypothyroidism.
Which of the following is not a clinical sign you would see in a dog with
chocolate toxicosis?
NAVLE/ NAVLE (NORTH AMERICAN
VETERINARY LICENSING) EXAM
UPDATED 2025/ 2026 NAVLE/
NAVLE (NORTH AMERICAN
VETERINARY LICENSING) EXAM
REVIEW & PRACTICE TESTBANK
WITH EXPERT VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND APPROVED
ANSWERS FOR GUARANTEED PASS
GRADED A+
An 8-year old Quarterhorse brood mare presents with an acute onset of
colic. On presentation she has a heart rate of 58, respiratory rate of 28,
and is seen rolling on the ground. CRT is approximately 3.0 seconds and
mucous membranes are slightly red. She has rectal temperature is
101.6F. Gastrointestinal sounds are completely absent and gastric reflux
yielded 15L of brown- to yellow- colored fluid. Peritoneal fluid analysis
yielded a cloudy yellow fluid with a protein of 2.8 gm/dl and white
blood cell count of 11,354/ul. Which of the following is not a likely
diagnosis?
Epiploic foramen entrapment
,2|Page
Mesenteric rent
Small intestinal volvulus
Strangulating lipoma
----Solution----Strangulating lipoma
Explanation - The correct answer is strangulating lipoma. The clinical
signs are consistent with any of the answer choices. However, a
strangulating lipoma is least likely to be the case since this horse is still
relatively young. Strangulating lipomas are commonly seen in older
horses.
What is the main lesion associated with polioencephalomalacia in cattle?
Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Bacterial infiltration of the gyri
Normocytic, normochromic anemia
Herniation of the cerebellum
----Solution----Necrosis of cortical gray matter
Explanation - The correct answer is necrosis of the cortical grey matter.
A normocytic, normochromic anemia is considered an anemia of chronic
disease and is not really a lesion. Herniation of the cerebellum through
the foramen magnum or the occipital cortex under the tentorium
cerebelli may occur, however, only in severe cases, and is associated
more with severe swelling of the brain as in salt poisoning. Polio results
,3|Page
from thiamine deficiency and has nothing to do with bacterial invasion
in the brain.
A 4 month old Holstein heifer has a loud cough, tachypnea, diarrhea,
and ill thrift of 8 days duration. However, there are no signs of sepsis,
depression, or loss of appetite. On physical exam, you could hear
crackles and wheezes over the lung fields and a harsh bronchial tone
cranioventrally. Given this presentation what is the most likely
diagnosis?
Enzootic pneumonia
Moldy sweet potato poisoning
Shipping Fever
Aspiration pneumonia
----Solution----Enzootic pneumonia
Explanation - The correct answer is enzootic pneumonia. This disease is
multifactorial but is mainly a result of poor housing and environment
(poor sanitation and ventilation). Calves with enzootic pneumonia will
have cranioventral consolidation and many times they have diarrhea as a
result of being infected with Eimeria bovis (like this one). Shipping
fever (fibrinous pleuropneumonia) will most likely present with more
systemic signs, which is key in differentiating the two diseases.
Aspiration pneumonia will probably not result in diffuse lung pathology
without also causing systemic signs. Moldy sweet potato poisoning is a
good differential and will result in respiratory disease followed by death,
but there was no history of exposure here. However, these animals will
typically present with more acute respiratory distress and will probably
, 4|Page
not survive for 8 days, as death usually ensues 2-5 days after exposure.
The principal toxin is ipomeanol which is produced by sweet potatoes
infected with Fusarium javanicum or F. solani. Ipomeanol will destroy
clara cells and type I pneumocytes.
A 13-year old male castrated domestic long hair presents for polyphagia,
weight loss, and vomiting. The owner notes that the cat appears restless,
more active, and more aggressive than before. Which test would
diagnose the most likely cause for these signs?
Liver panel
Gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy
Abdominal ultrasound
Renal panel and urinalysis
Serum T4
----Solution----Serum T4
Explanation - The correct answer is serum T4. This cat is most likely
hyperthyroid. Polyphagia, weight loss, and hyperactivity are classical
clinical signs in a cat with hyperthyroidism. Other signs might include a
dull haircoat, PU/PD, vomiting, diarrhea, and aggression. Lethargy,
anorexia, and weakness are uncommon but can occur in a condition
apathetic hypothyroidism.
Which of the following is not a clinical sign you would see in a dog with
chocolate toxicosis?
