Psl300 Term Test 2 Questions And Correct Answers

PSL300 TERM TEST 2 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
PosteriorA2pituitaryA2-A2Ans--secretesA2ADHA2andA2oxytocinA2
neuralA2tissueA2(notA2endocrineA2gland)A2
secretesA2neurohormonesA2madeA2inA2hypothalamus

AnteriorA2pituitaryA2-A2Ans--
secretesA2prolactin,A2thyrotropin,adrenocorticotropin,A2growthA2hormone,A2FSHA2andA2LH
A2
endocrineA2gland

PortalA2systemA2-A2Ans--
TheA2hypothalamicA2hormonesA2reachA2theA2anteriorpituitaryA2throughA2aA2specializedA2r
egionA2ofA2theA2circulationA2calledA2aA2portalA2system.

WhyA2doA2femalesA2haveA2moreA2rapidA2lossA2ofA2boneA2massA2asA2theyA2age?A2-A2Ans--
menopause

BonesA2inA2uteroA2-A2Ans--"softA2bones"
cartilageA2notA2fullyA2ossifiedA2
activeA2epiphysealA2growthA2plates

BonesA2inA2adolescentA2-A2Ans--bonesA2fullyA2ossifiedA2
growthA2platesA2closingA2towardA2endA2ofA2puberty

AdultA2-A2Ans--growthA2plateA2closedA2
boneA2lossA2>A240A2years

OsteoblastsA2-A2Ans--requiredA2forA2ossificationA2
replaceA2chondrocytesA2andA2layA2newA2boneA2behindA2them

ChondrocytesA2-A2Ans--cellsA2ofA2cartilage;A2produceA2cartilage

WhenA2doesA2boneA2growthA2stop?A2-A2Ans--WhenA2theA2epiphysealA2plates/
growthA2platesA2close/fuse

GrowthA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--regulatesA2boneA2growthA2
releasedA2fromA2anteriorA2pituitary

WhatA2stimulatesA2releaseA2ofA2growthA2hormone?A2-A2Ans--
normalA2circadianA2rhythmA2andA2stressA2andA2cortisolA2fastingA2leadA2toA2theA2stimulation
A2ofA2GHRHA2fromA2theA2hypothalamusA2whichA2stimulatesA2theA2anteriorA2pituitaryA2toA2r
eleaseA2GH

,WhatA2inhibitsA2growthA2hormone?A2-A2Ans--somatostatinA2(GHIH)

WhatA2typeA2ofA2hormoneA2isA2growthA2hormone?A2-A2Ans--
peptideA2hormoneA2(191A2aminoA2acids)

WhatA2doesA2growthA2hormoneA2doA2inA2theA2liver?A2-A2Ans--theA2liverA2producesA2insulin-
likeA2growthA2factorsA2(IGF)A2whichA2isA2importantA2forA2cartilageA2growth

insulin-likeA2growthA2factorsA2(IGFs)A2-A2Ans--AnabolicA2effectsA2(buildsA2up)
promotesA2growthA2inA2almostA2everyA2cellA2inA2theA2bodyA2
molecularlyA2resemblesA2insulin

GHA2+A2IGF-1A2worksA2toA2promoteA2whatA2andA2whatA2doesA2thisA2cause?A2-A2Ans--
theyA2workA2togetherA2toA2promoteA2boneA2growth
theyA2recruitA2moreA2chondrocytes,A2causeA2themA2toA2proliferate;A2thereforeA2buildA2mor
eA2cartilageA2surfaceA2(matrix)

CatabolicA2actionsA2ofA2growthA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--gluconeogenesisA2
stimulatesA2adiposeA2tissueA2toA2breakdownA2storedA2fatsA2
stimulatesA2liverA2toA2breakdownA2glycogenA2toA2glucose
increasesA2uptakeA2ofA2aminoA2acidsA2fromA2theA2blood

WhatA2wouldA2youA2expectA2toA2seeA2inA2aA2personA2withA2tooA2muchgrowthA2hormoneA2b
ecauseA2ofA2aA2pituitaryA2tumor?
a)A2DecreasedA2osteoblastA2activityA2inA2boneA2tissue
b)A2IncreasedA2numberA2ofA2chondrocytes
c)A2DecreasedA2IGF-1
d)A2IncreasedA2levelsA2ofA2growthA2hormoneA2releasinghormoneA2(GHRH)A2-A2Ans--
b)A2IncreasedA2numberA2ofA2chondrocytes

GigantismA2-A2Ans--tooA2muchA2GHA2inA2childhood

AcromegalyA2-A2Ans--tooA2muchA2GHA2inA2adulthood

NormalA2growthA2requiresA2-A2Ans--
growthA2hormone,A2thyroidA2hormones,A2insulin,A2andA2sexA2hormonesA2atA2puberty
AdequateA2nutrition,A2noA2chronicA2stress

whatA2isA2theA2thyroidA2glandA2madeA2upA2of?A2-A2Ans--
thyroidA2folliclesA2withA2colloidA2atA2theA2center

HowA2isA2thyroidA2hormoneA2synthesized?A2-A2Ans--
ThyroglobulinA2isA2synthesizedA2andA2dischargedA2intoA2theA2follicleA2lumen;A2whereA2iodi
desA2(I-)A2areA2activelyA2takenA2intoA2theA2cell,A2oxidizedA2toA2iodineA2(I2)A2andA2releasedA
2intoA2theA2lumen.A2TheA2iodineA2attachesA2toA2tyrosine.A2TheseA2iodinatedA2tyrosine'sA2lin

, kA2togetherA2toA2formA2T3A2andA2T4.A2.A2T3A2andA2T4A2areA2cleavedA2andA2diffuseA2intoA2th
eA2bloodstream.

T3A2andA2T4A2-A2Ans--1A2iodine:A2monoiodotyrosineA2=A2MIT
2A2iodines:A2diiodotyrosineA2=A2DITA2

MITA2+DITA2=A2triiodothyronineA2(T3)A2=A22A2tyrosineA2,A23A2iodineA2
DITA2+A2DITA2=A2thyroxineA2(T4)A2=A22A2tyrosine,A24A2iodine

TSHA2(thyroidA2stimulatingA2hormone)A2-A2Ans--activatesA2G-
proteinA2linkedA2membraneA2receptorsA2linkedA2viaA2adenylateA2cyclaseA2
stimulatesA2synthesisA2andA2activityA2ofA2enzymesA2involvedA2inA2synthesisA2ofA2T3A2andA
2T4A2
stimulatesA2thyroidA2growth
activatesA2transcriptionA2factorsA2:A2c-fos,A2c-myc

WhatA2isA2theA2mechanismA2ofA2actionA2ofA2thyroidA2hormones?A2-A2Ans--
T3A2andA2T4A2circulateA2inA2bloodA2boundA2toA2plasmaA2proteins
T3A2moreA23-5XA2moreA2potentA2thanA2T4
T4A2convertedA2toA2T3A2inA2targetA2tissues
BothA2bindA2toA2nuclearA2thyroidA2receptorsA2(form
homodimersA2orA2heterodimersA2withA2retinoicA2acid
receptor)
AlterA2geneA2transcription

WhatA2areA2theA2functionsA2ofA2thyroidA2hormones?A2-A2Ans---
MetabolicA2(metabolicA2rate,A2oxygenA2consumption,A2heatA2production,A2proteinA2degrad
ation,A2lipolysis)
-NervousA2systemA2(enhancesA2speech,A2thinking,A2reflexes)
-GrowthA2andA2developmentA2(essentialA2inA2children,A2worksA2withA2GH)
-CardiovascularA2(enhancesA2heartA2rate)
-MuscularA2(tooA2muchA2causesA2muscleA2weakness)

Hyperthyroidism:A2ThyroidA2hormoneA2excessA2-A2Ans---A2causes:A2tumors,A2thyroid-
stimulatingA2immunoglobinsA2
-A2symptoms:A2goiter,A2insomnia,A2anxietyA2highA2heartA2rate,A2weightA2lossA2etcA2
-
A2treatment:A2removalA2ofA2partA2ofA2theA2thyroidA2gland,A2drugsA2blockingA2theA2synthesis
A2ofA2T3A2andA2T4A2orA2blockA2conversionA2ofA2T4A2toA2T3


GravesA2diseaseA2-A2Ans--
anA2autoimmuneA2disorderA2thatA2isA2causedA2byA2hyperthyroidismA2andA2isA2characterize
dA2byA2goiterA2and/orA2exophthalmos
-A2AbnormalA2antibodiesA2againstA2theA2TSHA2receptorA2areA2produced