NSG124 Unit 1 Chapter 12 and 14- Questions and Answers
Terms in this set (141)
What are the clinical manifestations of They are numerous and depend on the localization and type of tumor, with
cancer? symptoms increasing in variety and intensity as the malignancy progresses.
Rare disorders triggered by cancer that cause complex clinical manifestations not
What are paraneoplastic syndromes? directly related to the tumor mass, often involving autoantibodies, cytokines,
hormones, or peptides affecting various organ systems.
They can involve immunologic mechanisms, such as antibody responses attacking
What mechanisms are involved in
the nervous system, or nonimmunologic mechanisms, like carcinoid tumors releasing
paraneoplastic syndromes?
serotonin.
Why are paraneoplastic syndromes They may be the earliest symptom of an unknown cancer and can be serious, often
significant? irreversible, and sometimes life-threatening.
What is a common cause of hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) released by cancers such as
in cancer patients? squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
A syndrome associated with cancer characterized by anorexia, early satiety, weight
What is cachexia? loss, anemia, and marked weakness, resulting in severe malnutrition and decreased
quality of life.
Anemia, bone density loss, cachexia, cardiac and pulmonary damage, fatigue,
What are common side effects of cancer
gastrointestinal issues, hair loss, infection, infertility, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
treatment?
lymphedema, and pain.
Chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and malignancy in
What causes anemia in cancer patients?
blood-forming organs.
What is the most frequently reported Severe fatigue.
symptom of cancer?
What is the effect of chemotherapy on the It can lead to oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, and increased risk of infection
gastrointestinal tract? due to damage to rapidly proliferating cells.
Venous thrombosis associated with pancreatic carcinoma and bronchogenic
What is the Trousseau phenomenon?
carcinoma, caused by tumor products that activate clotting.
, What is the relationship between cancer Infection is a significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients due to
and infection? immune suppression and other factors.
What is the role of cytokines in cachexia? Cytokines and metabolites from tumors may contribute to the symptoms of cachexia.
What can cause hair loss in cancer Chemotherapy affects hair follicles, while radiation is more localized; hair loss is
patients? usually temporary.
A decrease in white blood cells often caused by chemotherapy and radiation
What is leukopenia?
therapy, leading to increased infection risk.
A decrease in platelets that can lead to hemorrhage, often treated with platelet
What is thrombocytopenia?
transfusions.
Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to damage to the lymphatic system from cancer
What is lymphedema?
or its treatment.
What are the common causes of pain in Pain can arise from direct pressure, obstruction, tissue destruction, infection, and
cancer patients? inflammation, often intensifying with disease progression.
What factors predispose individuals with Age, immunologic decline, general debility, malnutrition, and conditions created by
cancer to infection? the tumor.
What is the significance of the syndrome of It is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung and can lead to fluid retention
inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and hyponatremia.
(SIADH) secretion?
What is the impact of cancer treatment on Hormone treatments and steroids can lead to osteoporosis or osteopenia.
bone density?
What are the symptoms of carcinoid They can release serotonin, causing flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and rapid
tumors? heartbeat.
What is the role of erythropoietin in It is released by certain tumors, such as renal carcinoma, leading to polycythemia.
cancer?
What are dermatologic disorders Conditions like acanthosis nigricans and dermatomyositis can occur due to
associated with cancer? immunologic responses to certain cancers.
Cancer, AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic
In which medical conditions is cachexia
heart failure, tuberculosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, mercury poisoning, and
commonly observed?
hormonal deficiency.
What percentage of cancer patients are 50% to 80%.
affected by cachexia?
What are the main symptoms of cancer Substantial weight loss, loss of skeletal muscle mass, and cardiac muscle wasting.
cachexia?
What may account for up to 20% of cancer Cachexia.
deaths?
What is the role of total parenteral nutrition It does not reverse cachexia; individuals still lose weight due to increased resting
in cachexia? energy expenditure.
What are the mechanisms causing Anorexia, energy wasting, thermogenesis, acute-response phase, and cardiac
cachexia? dysfunction.
It causes alterations in brain functioning that can
exacerbate the syndrome.
How does anorexia contribute to cachexia?
What is the effect of energy wasting in It is associated with the browning of white adipose tissue.
cachexia?
Terms in this set (141)
What are the clinical manifestations of They are numerous and depend on the localization and type of tumor, with
cancer? symptoms increasing in variety and intensity as the malignancy progresses.
Rare disorders triggered by cancer that cause complex clinical manifestations not
What are paraneoplastic syndromes? directly related to the tumor mass, often involving autoantibodies, cytokines,
hormones, or peptides affecting various organ systems.
They can involve immunologic mechanisms, such as antibody responses attacking
What mechanisms are involved in
the nervous system, or nonimmunologic mechanisms, like carcinoid tumors releasing
paraneoplastic syndromes?
serotonin.
Why are paraneoplastic syndromes They may be the earliest symptom of an unknown cancer and can be serious, often
significant? irreversible, and sometimes life-threatening.
What is a common cause of hypercalcemia Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) released by cancers such as
in cancer patients? squamous cell carcinoma of the lung.
A syndrome associated with cancer characterized by anorexia, early satiety, weight
What is cachexia? loss, anemia, and marked weakness, resulting in severe malnutrition and decreased
quality of life.
Anemia, bone density loss, cachexia, cardiac and pulmonary damage, fatigue,
What are common side effects of cancer
gastrointestinal issues, hair loss, infection, infertility, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
treatment?
lymphedema, and pain.
Chronic bleeding, severe malnutrition, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and malignancy in
What causes anemia in cancer patients?
blood-forming organs.
What is the most frequently reported Severe fatigue.
symptom of cancer?
What is the effect of chemotherapy on the It can lead to oral ulcers, malabsorption, diarrhea, and increased risk of infection
gastrointestinal tract? due to damage to rapidly proliferating cells.
Venous thrombosis associated with pancreatic carcinoma and bronchogenic
What is the Trousseau phenomenon?
carcinoma, caused by tumor products that activate clotting.
, What is the relationship between cancer Infection is a significant cause of complications and death in cancer patients due to
and infection? immune suppression and other factors.
What is the role of cytokines in cachexia? Cytokines and metabolites from tumors may contribute to the symptoms of cachexia.
What can cause hair loss in cancer Chemotherapy affects hair follicles, while radiation is more localized; hair loss is
patients? usually temporary.
A decrease in white blood cells often caused by chemotherapy and radiation
What is leukopenia?
therapy, leading to increased infection risk.
A decrease in platelets that can lead to hemorrhage, often treated with platelet
What is thrombocytopenia?
transfusions.
Accumulation of fluid in tissues due to damage to the lymphatic system from cancer
What is lymphedema?
or its treatment.
What are the common causes of pain in Pain can arise from direct pressure, obstruction, tissue destruction, infection, and
cancer patients? inflammation, often intensifying with disease progression.
What factors predispose individuals with Age, immunologic decline, general debility, malnutrition, and conditions created by
cancer to infection? the tumor.
What is the significance of the syndrome of It is associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung and can lead to fluid retention
inappropriate antidiuretic hormone and hyponatremia.
(SIADH) secretion?
What is the impact of cancer treatment on Hormone treatments and steroids can lead to osteoporosis or osteopenia.
bone density?
What are the symptoms of carcinoid They can release serotonin, causing flushing, diarrhea, wheezing, and rapid
tumors? heartbeat.
What is the role of erythropoietin in It is released by certain tumors, such as renal carcinoma, leading to polycythemia.
cancer?
What are dermatologic disorders Conditions like acanthosis nigricans and dermatomyositis can occur due to
associated with cancer? immunologic responses to certain cancers.
Cancer, AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic
In which medical conditions is cachexia
heart failure, tuberculosis, familial amyloid polyneuropathy, mercury poisoning, and
commonly observed?
hormonal deficiency.
What percentage of cancer patients are 50% to 80%.
affected by cachexia?
What are the main symptoms of cancer Substantial weight loss, loss of skeletal muscle mass, and cardiac muscle wasting.
cachexia?
What may account for up to 20% of cancer Cachexia.
deaths?
What is the role of total parenteral nutrition It does not reverse cachexia; individuals still lose weight due to increased resting
in cachexia? energy expenditure.
What are the mechanisms causing Anorexia, energy wasting, thermogenesis, acute-response phase, and cardiac
cachexia? dysfunction.
It causes alterations in brain functioning that can
exacerbate the syndrome.
How does anorexia contribute to cachexia?
What is the effect of energy wasting in It is associated with the browning of white adipose tissue.
cachexia?
