MMG 201 Final Exam questions with
100% correct answers rated A+
2025/2026
common property - ANS ✔✔
size of microbes - ANS ✔✔smallest to largest:
o Viruses (100000x)
o Bacteria (15500x)
o Single celled eukaryotes (3500x)
o Fungi (750x)
distribution of microbes and when they emerged - ANS ✔✔o They are ubiquitous (found in all
natural habitats and most human-made habitats)
o Prokaryotes: 3.5 billion years ago
o Eukaryotes: 2 billion years ago
5 groups of microbes - ANS ✔✔o Bacteria
o Fungi
o Algae
o Protozoa (single celled eukaryotes)
o Viruses
What are Koch's postulates (list)? - ANS ✔✔1. Suspected germ is present in every case of the
disease and NOT in healthy organisms
,2. The germ is isolated and grown in pure culture
3. The germ is injected into a healthy, experimental host and causes the disease
4. The same germ that caused the disease is re-isolated from the now diseased experimental
host
What are koch's postulates intended to do? - ANS ✔✔verified the germ theory and could
establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it would cause
Why are koch's postulates no longer completely useful in studying microbial causes of disease? -
ANS ✔✔They don't always work because:
-some people are carriers, not all microbes affect small animals, wouldn't be ethical to inject it
into a healthy organism human. There are diseases that we still do not know how to culture
because we can not get an isolate. Its not used anymore because people might be carriers and
its unethical to infect a host
Spontaneous generation theory - ANS ✔✔• Life arises from vital forces present in non- living
matter
• Hippocrates four temperaments and humors
o Certain human moods, emotions, behaviors were caused by excess of humors (blood, yellow
bile, black bile, phlegm)
• Miasma - pollution smell
• Vital forces in grain --> mice
• Vital forces in meat --> maggots
Germ theory of disease - ANS ✔✔-saying that living things arise only from others of their same
kind
•Microorganisms can be the cause of death, considered a fact
• Human diseases could arise from infection
,• Gave rise to Koch's postulates
What is a biofilm? Where are biofilms found? What are they made of? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of life in a biofilm? - ANS ✔✔o Complex group of interacting microbial cells
that adhere to each other and surfaces via polysaccharide matrix
o Permit communication among participants which facilitates survival/adaptation
o Key roles in infections and diseases
o Altered gene expression
Carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔Structure:
-aldehydes/ketones
-monosaccharide: 3-7 carbons
-disaccharide: two monosaccharides linked by glyosidic bonds
polysaccharides: 5 or more monosaccharides
Functions:
-cell structure, adhesions, and metabolism
Polysaccharides: structural support and protection, nutrient and energy stores
Location in cells:
-intermembrane and cell wall
-cellular matrix, glucose, glycogen, starch
Lipids - ANS ✔✔Structure:
-long, hydrophobic, non polar C-H chains
, Function:
-triglycerides: energy storage
-phospholipid: cell membrane structure
Location:
-phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane
Proteins - ANS ✔✔Structure:
Primary: sequence of AA in the peptide chain
Secondary: CO- and NH- groups on adjacent AA's form H bonds
Tertiary: a-helix and b-pleated interact by forming covalent disulfide bonds
Quaternary: exists only in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain
Function:
-support, transport, defense, movement, enzymes
Location:
-cell membrane
-ribosomes
-histones
DNA - ANS ✔✔Structure:
double helix: sugar phosphate forming outer ribbons that the paired bases are between
Function:
100% correct answers rated A+
2025/2026
common property - ANS ✔✔
size of microbes - ANS ✔✔smallest to largest:
o Viruses (100000x)
o Bacteria (15500x)
o Single celled eukaryotes (3500x)
o Fungi (750x)
distribution of microbes and when they emerged - ANS ✔✔o They are ubiquitous (found in all
natural habitats and most human-made habitats)
o Prokaryotes: 3.5 billion years ago
o Eukaryotes: 2 billion years ago
5 groups of microbes - ANS ✔✔o Bacteria
o Fungi
o Algae
o Protozoa (single celled eukaryotes)
o Viruses
What are Koch's postulates (list)? - ANS ✔✔1. Suspected germ is present in every case of the
disease and NOT in healthy organisms
,2. The germ is isolated and grown in pure culture
3. The germ is injected into a healthy, experimental host and causes the disease
4. The same germ that caused the disease is re-isolated from the now diseased experimental
host
What are koch's postulates intended to do? - ANS ✔✔verified the germ theory and could
establish whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it would cause
Why are koch's postulates no longer completely useful in studying microbial causes of disease? -
ANS ✔✔They don't always work because:
-some people are carriers, not all microbes affect small animals, wouldn't be ethical to inject it
into a healthy organism human. There are diseases that we still do not know how to culture
because we can not get an isolate. Its not used anymore because people might be carriers and
its unethical to infect a host
Spontaneous generation theory - ANS ✔✔• Life arises from vital forces present in non- living
matter
• Hippocrates four temperaments and humors
o Certain human moods, emotions, behaviors were caused by excess of humors (blood, yellow
bile, black bile, phlegm)
• Miasma - pollution smell
• Vital forces in grain --> mice
• Vital forces in meat --> maggots
Germ theory of disease - ANS ✔✔-saying that living things arise only from others of their same
kind
•Microorganisms can be the cause of death, considered a fact
• Human diseases could arise from infection
,• Gave rise to Koch's postulates
What is a biofilm? Where are biofilms found? What are they made of? What are the advantages
and disadvantages of life in a biofilm? - ANS ✔✔o Complex group of interacting microbial cells
that adhere to each other and surfaces via polysaccharide matrix
o Permit communication among participants which facilitates survival/adaptation
o Key roles in infections and diseases
o Altered gene expression
Carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔Structure:
-aldehydes/ketones
-monosaccharide: 3-7 carbons
-disaccharide: two monosaccharides linked by glyosidic bonds
polysaccharides: 5 or more monosaccharides
Functions:
-cell structure, adhesions, and metabolism
Polysaccharides: structural support and protection, nutrient and energy stores
Location in cells:
-intermembrane and cell wall
-cellular matrix, glucose, glycogen, starch
Lipids - ANS ✔✔Structure:
-long, hydrophobic, non polar C-H chains
, Function:
-triglycerides: energy storage
-phospholipid: cell membrane structure
Location:
-phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane
Proteins - ANS ✔✔Structure:
Primary: sequence of AA in the peptide chain
Secondary: CO- and NH- groups on adjacent AA's form H bonds
Tertiary: a-helix and b-pleated interact by forming covalent disulfide bonds
Quaternary: exists only in proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain
Function:
-support, transport, defense, movement, enzymes
Location:
-cell membrane
-ribosomes
-histones
DNA - ANS ✔✔Structure:
double helix: sugar phosphate forming outer ribbons that the paired bases are between
Function:
