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PSL300 MIDTERM 1 CONTENT QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

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Psl300 Midterm 1 Content Questions And Correct Answers

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PSL300 MIDTERM 1 CONTENT QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

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PSL300 MIDTERM 1 CONTENT
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
HomeostasisA2-A2Ans--
RegulationA2ofA2intercellularA2ionsA2andA2maintainA2optimalA2valuesA2forA2moleculeA2levels

DynamicA2SteadyA2StateA2-A2Ans--
WhenA2ECFA2andA2ICFA2areA2bothA2stable,A2it'sA2NOTA2whenA2theyA2areA2inA2equilibrium

ECFA2hasA2highA2levelsA2ofA2whatA2ion(s)?A2-A2Ans--NaA2andA2Cl.A2AndA2lowA2levelsA2ofA2K

FormalA2definitionA2ofA2aA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--
SubstanceA2secretedA2fromA2cell(s)A2intoA2bloodA2streamA2andA2exertsA2aA2regulatoryA2act
ionA2atA2lowA2concentrationsA2onA2aA2distantA2target

WhatA2areA2theA22A2typeA2ofA2hormoneA2secretions?A2-A2Ans--
NeuroendocrineA2andA2paracrine

2A2typesA2ofA2cellsA2theA2epithelialA2cellA2differentiatesA2into?A2-A2Ans--ExocrineA2-
A2aroundA2ductsA2+A2secretesA2outA2ofA2cell
EndocrineA2-A2secretesA2intoA2duct,A2polarized.

4A2cellA2responsesA2-A2Ans--
LocalA2(viaA2gapA2junctions),A2ContactA2dependantA2signal,A2paracrineA2andA2autocrineA2(
cellA2actsA2onA2itself)

ConnexinsA2-A2Ans--ConnectionA2ofA2membranesA2betweenA22A2adjacentA2cells

WhereA2areA2neuroendocrineA2hormonesA2releasedA2from,A2andA2intoA2where?A2-A2Ans--
NeuronsA2andA2releasedA2intoA2blood

NegativeA2FeedbackA2-A2Ans--
ResponseA2thatA2feedsA2backA2toA2stopA2stimulus.A2Stabilizing,A2homeostatic

PositiveA2FeedbackA2-A2Ans--ReinforcesA2stimulus.

BiologicalA2RhythmsA2-A2Ans--
DailyA2spikesA2andA2troughsA2ofA2temperatureA2andA2cortisol.A2HighA2tempA2whenA2youA2w
akeA2up

MethodsA2usedA2toA2identifyA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--1.A2RemoveA2glandA2andA2seeA2effects
2.A2ReplaceA2glandA2orA2theA2extractA2ofA2theA2gland
3.A2ImplantA2extraA2glandA2orA2increaseA2extract
4.A2PurifyA2extractA2andA2testA2forA2effect

, WhyA2didA2itA2takeA2soA2longA2toA2IDA2theA21stA2hormone?A2-A2Ans--
1.A2hormonesA2excretedA2inA2veryA2lowA2concentrations
2.A2ChemicalA2separationA2wasA2inaccurateA2+A2hardA2willA2smallA2concentrations
3.A2NotA2seenA2asA2importantA2becauseA2theyA2thoughtA2homeostasisA2wasA2controlledA2b
yA2brain

3A2TypesA2ofA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--Protein,A2Steroid,A2Amines

CommonA2propertiesA2ofA2allA2hormonesA2-A2Ans---
A2MostA2travelA2throughA2bloodA2toA2target
-A2BindA2receptors
-A2DependantA2onA2cellA2signallingA2pathway
-A2SwitchedA2offA2afterA2activatingA2cellA2responseA2-A2can'tA2alwaysA2beA2on
-A2MaintainA2homeostasisA2orA2causeA2changeA2PSLA2systems

WhichA2hormoneA2typeA2isA2theA2mostA2common?A2TheA2leastA2common?A2-A2Ans--
Most:A2Peptide
Lease:A2Amines

GiveA23A2qualitiesA2ofA2aA2peptideA2hormone.A2-A2Ans---
A2SynthesizedA2inA2advancedA2+A2storedA2inA2vesicleA2(packedA2inA2golgi)
-A2ReleasedA2viaA2exocytosis
-A2TravelsA2throughA2bloodA2toA2target
-A23+A2AminoA2acids
-A2WaterA2soluble
-A2ShortA21/2A2lifeA2(~5A2min)
-A2MadeA2inA2roughA2ER
-A2LargestA2concentrationA2nearA2glandA2thatA2secretedA2it
-A2BindA2receptorA2onA2targetA2cell(s)

PreprohormoneA2-A2Ans--PeptideA2hormoneA2postA2synthesisA2butA2beforeA2cleavage
CanA2contain:
-A21A2copyA2ofA2hormone
-A2SeveralA2copiesA2ofA2hormone
-A21A2copyA2ofA2severalA2differentA2hormones

ExampleA2ofA2aA2preprohomoneA2withA2multipleA2copiesA2ofA2theA2hormoneA2-A2Ans--TRH

PreprohormoneA2containingA2multipleA2differentA2hormonesA2-A2Ans--pro-
opiomelanocortinA2->A2ACTHA2+A2gamma-lipotropinA2+A2beta-endorphine

GiveA23A2qualitiesA2ofA2aA2steroidA2hormone.A2-A2Ans---A2SynthesizedA2fromA2cholesterol
-A2MadeA2onA2demand,A2notA2storedA2inA2vesicles
-A2MadeA2inA2smoothA2ER
-A2ReleasedA2byA2simpleA2diffusion

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Number of pages: 15
Written in: 2025/2026
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