POLI 130 FINAL EXAM RATED A+
African National Congress - ANSWER-An organization dedicated to obtaining equal
voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the
South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually
brought greater equality.
agrarian bureaucracy - ANSWER-(Skocpol) state in which landed elites are present in
the bureaucratic positions; the elites may be subordinate to the actual regime head, but
are responsible for running the day-to-day functions of the government and occupy
most political positions
Alternative vote - ANSWER-aka instant runoff, method of election in which voters rank
candidates in order of preference; if any single candidate receives majority 1st
preference votes, candidate is elected
amoral familism - ANSWER-when no one works for the common interest of the group or
the community, except when this includes personal or familial benefits; quick material
profit is the main motive (ex: S Italy)
Apartheid - ANSWER-South African policy to separate native Africans from Dutch
inhabitants; huge inequality in all areas of life; became its own downfall
Asceticism - ANSWER-work as a "divine" calling, self-sacrifice for religious purposes
(tied to pre-destination), reinvest as opposed to being gluttonous
Augusto Pinochet - ANSWER-authoritarian leader of Chile, brought in Chicago boys to
help with economy
authoritarian values - ANSWER-a preference for order and homogeneity and a belief
that these outcomes should be achieved by force, if necessary
Bureaucracy - ANSWER-dealing with people in power to get things done, a system of
government in which most of important decisions are made by state officials rather than
elected representatives
charismatic legitimacy - ANSWER-right to rule based on personal ideas, values, or
characteristics of leader (most fragile)
Chinese Communist Party - ANSWER-former totalitarian party ruling China with
planned economy, marxist ideology, and significant state intervention under Mao
Zedong; reformed version uses relaxed state intervention and stabilized China as
autocratic country on free market instead of pushing for full democratization; often use
patronage in form of promotion for only party members
, civic community - ANSWER-
civil society - ANSWER-the sphere of organized, non-governmental, non-violent
associations that exist outside of the state, market, and family
Co-optation - ANSWER-including people in regime without giving too much power
through patronage (of money or goods and services)
coalition presidentialism - ANSWER-
Coercive apparatus - ANSWER-mechanism of repression, often a secret police or less
conspicuous like propaganda and internet control
cohabitation - ANSWER-in presidential-parliamentary when president and prime
minister are not from the same party (leads to gridlock) (ex: France)
collective memory - ANSWER-shared history that helps us to identify with spirit of
nationhood or self (ex: July 4 - think of independence and fight for individual rights)
Comparative advantage - ANSWER-ability to produce a good more efficiently than
another country can produce the same good
Competitive authoritarianism - ANSWER-combines democratic and authoritarian
features, suppression of rights often concentrated in 4 areas: elections, legislatures,
judiciary, media; often accompanied by formal but weak institutions; typically emerges
from internal pressure, autocratic reform, or democratic deconsolidation
constructivism - ANSWER-a theory of ethnic identity that sees ethnicity as being
"created" or "constructed" through social and political processes (ethnicity = fluid, made
salient, and can be overcome)
contentious politics - ANSWER-extra-institutional political activity meant to effect
change in social, economic, or political agenda of the government, regime, or state (ex:
Occupy Wall Street)
core - ANSWER-highly connected, originators of the protest, do not have to be asked to
join
Cross-cutting coalitions - ANSWER-coalitions that unite different parts of the populous
in order to gain broad support instead of loyalty of one group; often used successfully by
monarchies; seems positive but monarchies are often much more repressive
Democratic transition vs. democratic consolidation - ANSWER-transition from
authoritarian regime to some form of democracy vs. maturation and strengthening of
new democracy, unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without external shock
African National Congress - ANSWER-An organization dedicated to obtaining equal
voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the
South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually
brought greater equality.
agrarian bureaucracy - ANSWER-(Skocpol) state in which landed elites are present in
the bureaucratic positions; the elites may be subordinate to the actual regime head, but
are responsible for running the day-to-day functions of the government and occupy
most political positions
Alternative vote - ANSWER-aka instant runoff, method of election in which voters rank
candidates in order of preference; if any single candidate receives majority 1st
preference votes, candidate is elected
amoral familism - ANSWER-when no one works for the common interest of the group or
the community, except when this includes personal or familial benefits; quick material
profit is the main motive (ex: S Italy)
Apartheid - ANSWER-South African policy to separate native Africans from Dutch
inhabitants; huge inequality in all areas of life; became its own downfall
Asceticism - ANSWER-work as a "divine" calling, self-sacrifice for religious purposes
(tied to pre-destination), reinvest as opposed to being gluttonous
Augusto Pinochet - ANSWER-authoritarian leader of Chile, brought in Chicago boys to
help with economy
authoritarian values - ANSWER-a preference for order and homogeneity and a belief
that these outcomes should be achieved by force, if necessary
Bureaucracy - ANSWER-dealing with people in power to get things done, a system of
government in which most of important decisions are made by state officials rather than
elected representatives
charismatic legitimacy - ANSWER-right to rule based on personal ideas, values, or
characteristics of leader (most fragile)
Chinese Communist Party - ANSWER-former totalitarian party ruling China with
planned economy, marxist ideology, and significant state intervention under Mao
Zedong; reformed version uses relaxed state intervention and stabilized China as
autocratic country on free market instead of pushing for full democratization; often use
patronage in form of promotion for only party members
, civic community - ANSWER-
civil society - ANSWER-the sphere of organized, non-governmental, non-violent
associations that exist outside of the state, market, and family
Co-optation - ANSWER-including people in regime without giving too much power
through patronage (of money or goods and services)
coalition presidentialism - ANSWER-
Coercive apparatus - ANSWER-mechanism of repression, often a secret police or less
conspicuous like propaganda and internet control
cohabitation - ANSWER-in presidential-parliamentary when president and prime
minister are not from the same party (leads to gridlock) (ex: France)
collective memory - ANSWER-shared history that helps us to identify with spirit of
nationhood or self (ex: July 4 - think of independence and fight for individual rights)
Comparative advantage - ANSWER-ability to produce a good more efficiently than
another country can produce the same good
Competitive authoritarianism - ANSWER-combines democratic and authoritarian
features, suppression of rights often concentrated in 4 areas: elections, legislatures,
judiciary, media; often accompanied by formal but weak institutions; typically emerges
from internal pressure, autocratic reform, or democratic deconsolidation
constructivism - ANSWER-a theory of ethnic identity that sees ethnicity as being
"created" or "constructed" through social and political processes (ethnicity = fluid, made
salient, and can be overcome)
contentious politics - ANSWER-extra-institutional political activity meant to effect
change in social, economic, or political agenda of the government, regime, or state (ex:
Occupy Wall Street)
core - ANSWER-highly connected, originators of the protest, do not have to be asked to
join
Cross-cutting coalitions - ANSWER-coalitions that unite different parts of the populous
in order to gain broad support instead of loyalty of one group; often used successfully by
monarchies; seems positive but monarchies are often much more repressive
Democratic transition vs. democratic consolidation - ANSWER-transition from
authoritarian regime to some form of democracy vs. maturation and strengthening of
new democracy, unlikely to revert to authoritarianism without external shock
