BIOS 251 Exam 2 Review 2025 | Human Anatomy & Physiology I Complete Study Guide (REAL EXAM

BIOS 251 Exam 2 Review 2025 | Human Anatomy & Physiology I Complete Study Guide (REAL EXAM Produce hydrogen peroxide, detoxifies harmful substances, oxidizes fatty acids, and protects cell from free radicals - ANSWER -Peroxisomes - Hollow, cylindrical organelle that disposes of unnecessary and damaged proteins - Contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids - ANSWER -Proteasomes - Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division - Form mitotic spindle during mitosis - ANSWER -Centrioles A structure in cells containing two centrioles from which the spindle fibers develop and organized - ANSWER -Centrosome Point of growth for cilium or flagellum - ANSWER -Basal Body Cell component responsible for energy production; powerhouse of the cell - ANSWER -Mitochondria Organelle responsible for protein synthesis - ANSWER -Ribosomes Network of protein filaments that aid in intracellular support, cell movement, and moves organelles. - ANSWER -Cytoskeleton The basic unit of structure and function in all living things. Composed of plasma (cell membrane), cytoplasm, cytosol, nucleus, and cytoskeleton - ANSWER -Cells Clear gel within the cell sometimes referred to as intracellular fluid (ICF) - ANSWER -Cytosol All the fluid and components between the nucleus and the cell membrane; includes the cytosol as well as the cytoskeleton - ANSWER -Cytoplasm Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell; also provides protection for cells. - ANSWER -Cell membrane (plasma membrane) Plasma membrane layers composed of phospholipid molecules arranged with polar heads facing the outside and nonpolar tails facing the inside. Contains Transmembrane proteins, Peripheral proteins, Cholesterol, and sugar (glycolipids and glycoproteins) - ANSWER -Phospholipid Bilayer Integral proteins in the cell membrane, that extends all the way through the membrane touching both the ICF and ECF - ANSWER -Transmembrane Proteins The proteins of a membrane that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane. - ANSWER -Peripheral Protein Holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane - ANSWER -Cholesterol Does not use ATP as an energy source, occurs from high to low concentration. Includes: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. - ANSWER -Passive Transport Moves along concentration gradient, from higher to lower concentration - ANSWER -Simple Diffusion The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins - ANSWER -Facilitated Diffusion Movement of water across semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration - ANSWER -Osmosis Solutions have high ECF osmolarity, water moves out of cell, cell shrinks - ANSWER -Hypertonicity Solutions have same osmolarity, no net movement of water in or out of cell - ANSWER -Isotonicity Solutions have low ECF osmolarity, water moves into the cell causing swelling and potential bursting - ANSWER -Hypotonicity What tonicity are most intravenous (IV) solutions? - ANSWER -Isotonic Solution Utilizes energy to move substances against the concentration gradient; from lower to higher concentration Depends on factors: ATP, Membrane proteins, Concentration of molecules, Membrane potentials - ANSWER -Active Transport Movement of material that is due to the electrochemical gradient established by primary active transport - ANSWER -Secondary Active Transport Process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane (uses ATP) - ANSWER -Endocytosis Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material (Uses ATP) - ANSWER -Exocytosis A type of endocytosis that means "cell drinking", brings fluids into cell - ANSWER -Pynocytosis Gel-like fluid within cells; also known as cytosol - ANSWER -Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Fluid outside cells; sometimes called tissue fluid, and includes plasma - ANSWER -Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct - ANSWER -Exocrine Glands Glands that produce sweat; found over most of the body. Found in the dermis; sometimes hypodermis. - ANSWER -Eccrine Glands or Merocrine Glands Sweat glands in the pubic and underarm areas that secrete thicker sweat, that produce odor when come in contact with bacteria on the skin - ANSWER Apocrine Glands Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.