BIOL 546 Final Exam Study Guide
questions n answers rated A+
2025/2026
All of the following are true statements about the action potential except:
1. Opening of the voltage gated Na-channels will move the membrane potential to the
equilibrium potential of Na
2. Opening of voltage gated K-channels will move the membrane potential of K
3. The Hodkin cycle causes the fast change in membrane potential during the rising phase of the
action potential
4. The falling phase of the AP is mainly due to the movement of K+ ions.
5. Voltage gated Na channels stay open longer than voltage gated K-Channels - correct answer
✔✔5.
Scientists discovered a new animal species with a nerve cell physiology similar to nerve cells
found in other animals. The membrane potential when only sodium ions move across the
membrane was measured at +116mV. What is the sodium concentration outside the nerve cell
if the sodium concentration inside the cell is 1mM?
1. 1M
2. 0.232M
3. 0.116 M
4. 0.58M
5. 0.1M - correct answer ✔✔5
What is the neurological effect of a drug that prevents priming of vesicles in the presynaptic
terminal of the neuromuscular synapse?
1. It stopes sending impulses to muscles (paralysis)
,2. It continues sending impulses to muscles (seizures)
3. It stats glial cells to produce action potentials
4. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔1
The safety factor of an action potential is:
1. The amount of depolarization above what is needed to reach a threshold potential
2. The amount of depolarization from zero membrane potential to the peak of the action
potential
3. The range from the membrane hyperpolarization level the resting membrane potential.
4. The spread of the depolarization along an axon membrane
5. The protective function of the myelin sheet - correct answer ✔✔1
Excitation of the rod cell by blue light results in the production of an action potential in the
bipolar cell (T/F) - correct answer ✔✔F
The process that produces the most ATP molecules per molecule of glucose in a cell is
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Aerobic glycolysis
4. Anaerobic glycolysis
5. Krebs (Citric acid cycle) - correct answer ✔✔2
Stimulation of a hair cell results in changes in the hair cell membrane such as ....
a) opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
b) opening of voltage-gated K+ channels.
c) opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
d) none of the above. - correct answer ✔✔c
,What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?
a) To maintain a constant internal environment.
b) To anticipate changes in the environment.
c) To return a variable toward the set point.
d) To bring about a rapid change in the body. - correct answer ✔✔d
Water can be transported by the following process(es):
a) by a water pump driven by ATP.
b) by water channels.
c) by solute-coupled transport.
d) b and c.
e) a and b - correct answer ✔✔d
What do you expect when two neurons are connected through presynaptic inhibition?
a) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will reduce the effects of one neuron.
b) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will increase the effects of one neuron.
c) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will not change the effects of the neurons.
d) None of the above. - correct answer ✔✔a
What category do hair cells in the organ of Corti belong to?
a) Mechanoreceptors.
b) Chemoreceptors.
c) Nociceptors.
d) Photoreceptors. - correct answer ✔✔a
, A complete lesion (destruction) of the left lateral geniculate nucleus produces which one of the
following visual field defects?
a) loss of lateral inhibition.
b) loss of the left visual field.
c) loss of both left and right visual field.
d) loss of color vision.
e) none of the above. - correct answer ✔✔e
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following retinal cell types?
a) bipolar
b) ganglion
c) amacrine
d) horizontal - correct answer ✔✔b
The physiological explanation for our ability to differentiate among sounds of different pitches
(frequencies) is because
a) hair cells respond to high pitch sound by moving cilia into one direction and to low pitch by
moving cilia into the opposite direction.
b) the basilar membrane depolarizes and hyperpolarizes at multiple locations depending on
pitch.
c) hair cells at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to different sound
frequencies.
d) the basilar membrane has more hair cells near the oval window and fewer hair cells near the
apex.
e) high frequency sounds allows K+ to enter the hair cells and low frequency sounds allows Na+
to enter the hair cells. - correct answer ✔✔c
What happens to the membrane potential if the conductance for ion X increases and the
equilibrium potential of X is more positive than the resting potential?
questions n answers rated A+
2025/2026
All of the following are true statements about the action potential except:
1. Opening of the voltage gated Na-channels will move the membrane potential to the
equilibrium potential of Na
2. Opening of voltage gated K-channels will move the membrane potential of K
3. The Hodkin cycle causes the fast change in membrane potential during the rising phase of the
action potential
4. The falling phase of the AP is mainly due to the movement of K+ ions.
5. Voltage gated Na channels stay open longer than voltage gated K-Channels - correct answer
✔✔5.
Scientists discovered a new animal species with a nerve cell physiology similar to nerve cells
found in other animals. The membrane potential when only sodium ions move across the
membrane was measured at +116mV. What is the sodium concentration outside the nerve cell
if the sodium concentration inside the cell is 1mM?
1. 1M
2. 0.232M
3. 0.116 M
4. 0.58M
5. 0.1M - correct answer ✔✔5
What is the neurological effect of a drug that prevents priming of vesicles in the presynaptic
terminal of the neuromuscular synapse?
1. It stopes sending impulses to muscles (paralysis)
,2. It continues sending impulses to muscles (seizures)
3. It stats glial cells to produce action potentials
4. None of the above - correct answer ✔✔1
The safety factor of an action potential is:
1. The amount of depolarization above what is needed to reach a threshold potential
2. The amount of depolarization from zero membrane potential to the peak of the action
potential
3. The range from the membrane hyperpolarization level the resting membrane potential.
4. The spread of the depolarization along an axon membrane
5. The protective function of the myelin sheet - correct answer ✔✔1
Excitation of the rod cell by blue light results in the production of an action potential in the
bipolar cell (T/F) - correct answer ✔✔F
The process that produces the most ATP molecules per molecule of glucose in a cell is
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
2. Oxidative phosphorylation
3. Aerobic glycolysis
4. Anaerobic glycolysis
5. Krebs (Citric acid cycle) - correct answer ✔✔2
Stimulation of a hair cell results in changes in the hair cell membrane such as ....
a) opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels.
b) opening of voltage-gated K+ channels.
c) opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
d) none of the above. - correct answer ✔✔c
,What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?
a) To maintain a constant internal environment.
b) To anticipate changes in the environment.
c) To return a variable toward the set point.
d) To bring about a rapid change in the body. - correct answer ✔✔d
Water can be transported by the following process(es):
a) by a water pump driven by ATP.
b) by water channels.
c) by solute-coupled transport.
d) b and c.
e) a and b - correct answer ✔✔d
What do you expect when two neurons are connected through presynaptic inhibition?
a) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will reduce the effects of one neuron.
b) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will increase the effects of one neuron.
c) Simultaneous activity in both neurons will not change the effects of the neurons.
d) None of the above. - correct answer ✔✔a
What category do hair cells in the organ of Corti belong to?
a) Mechanoreceptors.
b) Chemoreceptors.
c) Nociceptors.
d) Photoreceptors. - correct answer ✔✔a
, A complete lesion (destruction) of the left lateral geniculate nucleus produces which one of the
following visual field defects?
a) loss of lateral inhibition.
b) loss of the left visual field.
c) loss of both left and right visual field.
d) loss of color vision.
e) none of the above. - correct answer ✔✔e
The optic nerve is composed of axons from which of the following retinal cell types?
a) bipolar
b) ganglion
c) amacrine
d) horizontal - correct answer ✔✔b
The physiological explanation for our ability to differentiate among sounds of different pitches
(frequencies) is because
a) hair cells respond to high pitch sound by moving cilia into one direction and to low pitch by
moving cilia into the opposite direction.
b) the basilar membrane depolarizes and hyperpolarizes at multiple locations depending on
pitch.
c) hair cells at different locations on the basilar membrane respond to different sound
frequencies.
d) the basilar membrane has more hair cells near the oval window and fewer hair cells near the
apex.
e) high frequency sounds allows K+ to enter the hair cells and low frequency sounds allows Na+
to enter the hair cells. - correct answer ✔✔c
What happens to the membrane potential if the conductance for ion X increases and the
equilibrium potential of X is more positive than the resting potential?
