OPOTA Final Exam Study Guide for Law
Enforcement Training Exam Questions And
Answers Verified 100% Correct
Types of Racism - ANSWER -Includes individual racism, which is internalized
biases, and interpersonal racism, which occurs between individuals.
Public Expressions of Racial Prejudice and Hate - ANSWER -Expressions made
by individuals that reflect racial prejudice and hate.
Institutional Racism - ANSWER -Race-based discriminatory policies and
treatment produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media,
governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts.
Structural Racism - ANSWER -The collective way history, culture, and
institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of
racist intent.
Indicators of Structural Racism - ANSWER -Power inequalities, unequal access to
opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.
Stereotypes - ANSWER -Generalizations about the perceived 'typical'
characteristics of a social category, which can be cognitive in nature.
Prejudices - ANSWER -An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics
such as race, age, etc.
Attitude - ANSWER -Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or
groups; the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward
someone or something.
Bias-Based Profiling - ANSWER -Unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer
of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her
,on the basis of the person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or
sexual orientation.
Criminal Profiling - ANSWER -Based on observed behaviors and characteristics.
Explicit Bias - ANSWER -Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social
category.
Implicit Bias - ANSWER -Preference (positive or negative) for a social category
based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and
that operate outside of our awareness.
Automatic Thinking (System 1) - ANSWER -Unconscious, effortless, automatic
thinking that uses associative memory and is very fast; simplifies tasks which most
adults can do without having to systematically and deliberatively think about each
step.
Deliberative Thinking (System 2) - ANSWER -Conscious, effortful, controlled
thinking that is slower.
Strategies to Counter Implicit Biases - ANSWER -Guarding against its influence
in decision making by recognizing that everyone has biases and thinking critically
about your own potential biases.
Conditions for Susceptibility to Bias - ANSWER -Ambiguous or incomplete
information, time constraints, compromised cognitive control, high cognitive load,
and fatigue.
Counter-Stereotypic Imaging - ANSWER -Develop new associations by looking
at positive examples that challenge negative associations.
Two-Pronged Approach to Procedural Justice - ANSWER -Person-based approach
emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions between an officer and a
citizen; community-based model aims to achieve police legitimacy throughout the
entire society.
,Community Bank Account Concept - ANSWER -Every encounter is either a
deposit or withdrawal, affecting the public's perception of police legitimacy.
Deposits - ANSWER -Actions that reflect courtesy, kindness, and honesty to build
public trust.
Withdrawals - ANSWER -Actions that reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or
disrespectful behavior, leading to a decrease in public trust.
Four Core Principles/Pillars of Procedural Justice - ANSWER -Giving others a
voice, neutrality in decision making, respectful treatment, and trustworthiness.
Voice - ANSWER -People want to have an opportunity to explain their situation
or tell their side of the story to the officer.
Neutrality - ANSWER -People react positively to evidence that the authorities are
neutral.
Respectful Treatment - ANSWER -Respect is an active process of
nonjudgmentally engaging people from all backgrounds.
Trustworthiness - ANSWER -People react favorably when they believe that
officers are sincerely trying to act on behalf of the best interests of the citizens.
Professionalism and Ethics - ANSWER -Generally accepted ethical
responsibilities of peace officers found in professional codes of ethics and conduct
owed to the community, the law enforcement profession, the agency, family, and
oneself.
External Influences on Behavior - ANSWER -Relationships with friends and
family, local citizens, local media, department regulations, interdepartmental
politics, and police subculture.
, Internal Influences on Behavior - ANSWER -Officer's own ethical and moral
beliefs and values, including anger, greed, lust, and internal rationalizations made
prior to or after misconduct.
Continuum of Compromise - ANSWER -Transformation from idealistic, ethical
officer to a self-serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process beginning
with perceived sense of victimization.
Decision-Making Model Steps - ANSWER -Define the problem, identify
alternative solutions, evaluate identified alternatives, make the decision, implement
the decision, and evaluate the decision.
Plus Filter - ANSWER -P=Policies: Is it consistent with my agency's policies and
procedures?
Institutional Racism - ANSWER -Race based discriminatory policies and
treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media,
governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts.
Structural Racism - ANSWER -Refers to the collective way history, culture, and
institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of
racist intent.
Stereotypes - ANSWER -Generalizations about the perceived 'typical'
characteristics of a social category.
Prejudices - ANSWER -An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics
such as race, age, etc. that is not necessarily reasonable or logical.
Automatic Thinking (System 1) - ANSWER -Unconscious, effortless, automatic
thinking that uses associative memory and is very fast.
Conditions for Bias - ANSWER -Ambiguous or incomplete information, time
constraints, compromised cognitive control, high cognitive load, fatigue.
Enforcement Training Exam Questions And
Answers Verified 100% Correct
Types of Racism - ANSWER -Includes individual racism, which is internalized
biases, and interpersonal racism, which occurs between individuals.
Public Expressions of Racial Prejudice and Hate - ANSWER -Expressions made
by individuals that reflect racial prejudice and hate.
Institutional Racism - ANSWER -Race-based discriminatory policies and
treatment produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media,
governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts.
Structural Racism - ANSWER -The collective way history, culture, and
institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of
racist intent.
Indicators of Structural Racism - ANSWER -Power inequalities, unequal access to
opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional.
Stereotypes - ANSWER -Generalizations about the perceived 'typical'
characteristics of a social category, which can be cognitive in nature.
Prejudices - ANSWER -An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics
such as race, age, etc.
Attitude - ANSWER -Positive or negative feelings associated with individuals or
groups; the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward
someone or something.
Bias-Based Profiling - ANSWER -Unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer
of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her
,on the basis of the person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or
sexual orientation.
Criminal Profiling - ANSWER -Based on observed behaviors and characteristics.
Explicit Bias - ANSWER -Conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social
category.
Implicit Bias - ANSWER -Preference (positive or negative) for a social category
based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and
that operate outside of our awareness.
Automatic Thinking (System 1) - ANSWER -Unconscious, effortless, automatic
thinking that uses associative memory and is very fast; simplifies tasks which most
adults can do without having to systematically and deliberatively think about each
step.
Deliberative Thinking (System 2) - ANSWER -Conscious, effortful, controlled
thinking that is slower.
Strategies to Counter Implicit Biases - ANSWER -Guarding against its influence
in decision making by recognizing that everyone has biases and thinking critically
about your own potential biases.
Conditions for Susceptibility to Bias - ANSWER -Ambiguous or incomplete
information, time constraints, compromised cognitive control, high cognitive load,
and fatigue.
Counter-Stereotypic Imaging - ANSWER -Develop new associations by looking
at positive examples that challenge negative associations.
Two-Pronged Approach to Procedural Justice - ANSWER -Person-based approach
emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions between an officer and a
citizen; community-based model aims to achieve police legitimacy throughout the
entire society.
,Community Bank Account Concept - ANSWER -Every encounter is either a
deposit or withdrawal, affecting the public's perception of police legitimacy.
Deposits - ANSWER -Actions that reflect courtesy, kindness, and honesty to build
public trust.
Withdrawals - ANSWER -Actions that reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or
disrespectful behavior, leading to a decrease in public trust.
Four Core Principles/Pillars of Procedural Justice - ANSWER -Giving others a
voice, neutrality in decision making, respectful treatment, and trustworthiness.
Voice - ANSWER -People want to have an opportunity to explain their situation
or tell their side of the story to the officer.
Neutrality - ANSWER -People react positively to evidence that the authorities are
neutral.
Respectful Treatment - ANSWER -Respect is an active process of
nonjudgmentally engaging people from all backgrounds.
Trustworthiness - ANSWER -People react favorably when they believe that
officers are sincerely trying to act on behalf of the best interests of the citizens.
Professionalism and Ethics - ANSWER -Generally accepted ethical
responsibilities of peace officers found in professional codes of ethics and conduct
owed to the community, the law enforcement profession, the agency, family, and
oneself.
External Influences on Behavior - ANSWER -Relationships with friends and
family, local citizens, local media, department regulations, interdepartmental
politics, and police subculture.
, Internal Influences on Behavior - ANSWER -Officer's own ethical and moral
beliefs and values, including anger, greed, lust, and internal rationalizations made
prior to or after misconduct.
Continuum of Compromise - ANSWER -Transformation from idealistic, ethical
officer to a self-serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process beginning
with perceived sense of victimization.
Decision-Making Model Steps - ANSWER -Define the problem, identify
alternative solutions, evaluate identified alternatives, make the decision, implement
the decision, and evaluate the decision.
Plus Filter - ANSWER -P=Policies: Is it consistent with my agency's policies and
procedures?
Institutional Racism - ANSWER -Race based discriminatory policies and
treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (schools, mass media,
governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts.
Structural Racism - ANSWER -Refers to the collective way history, culture, and
institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialized outcomes, even in the absence of
racist intent.
Stereotypes - ANSWER -Generalizations about the perceived 'typical'
characteristics of a social category.
Prejudices - ANSWER -An often negative prejudgment based on characteristics
such as race, age, etc. that is not necessarily reasonable or logical.
Automatic Thinking (System 1) - ANSWER -Unconscious, effortless, automatic
thinking that uses associative memory and is very fast.
Conditions for Bias - ANSWER -Ambiguous or incomplete information, time
constraints, compromised cognitive control, high cognitive load, fatigue.
