PSYC 217 MIDTERM 2 TERMS EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE 2025/2026
Anonymous - Answers info collected is not identifiable, P identities hidden from their data.
Concern for welfare - Answers ensuring and protecting P well-being, privacy, and safety.
Confederate - Answers experimenter's accomplice whose identity is concealed to Ps in
experiments.
Confidential - Answers Ps cannot be linked to their data.
Debriefing - Answers revealing deception to, thank, explain, and restore Ps.
Deception - Answers actively misrepresenting info to Ps to mislead them about the study's goal.
Ethics codes - Answers provide ethical principles + standards for all areas of professional
psychology (goals are to advance and use knowledge and respect civil/human rights + freedom).
Exempt research - Answers if there are no risks to Ps (no threat to anonymity; expectation of
privacy; manipulation).
Fraud - Answers fabricating (inventing) or altering (changing) data to fit hypotheses.
Informed consent - Answers Ps are provided with all of the info that may influence their decision
to participate.
Justice - Answers P benefits and risks are balanced.
Minimal risk research - Answers risks are no greater than risks faced in everyday life.
Plagiarism - Answers (un)intentionally stealing data and claiming it as your own.
REB - Answers board that reviews research projects to see if they meet ethical standards;
approval is essential to conduct studies.
Respect for persons - Answers respecting autonomy + protecting those who don't have it so Ps
choose freely.
Risk-benefit analysis - Answers calculating potential Rs and Bs.
Secondary use of data - Answers collected data for one study to be used for another.
Three Rs - Answers replacement (alternatives/no animal use), reduction (min animals used),
refinement (lessen pain/distress as much as possible).
TCPS - Answers first standard Canadian ethic code for research involving humans, used as a
guideline for researchers (revised to TCPS2).
, Coefficient omega - Answers more accurate than Cronbach's alpha, measures internal
consistency reliability (how well items on a scale measure the same construct).
Concurrent validity - Answers criterion validity where scores on a new measure correlate with
scores on an established measure.
Construct validity - Answers the extent to which a measure truly reflects the theoretical
construct it's intended to measure.
Content validity - Answers how much a measure represents all parts of the construct it's
supposed to cover.
Cronbach's alpha - Answers measures internal consistency reliability.
Discriminant validity - Answers measure doesn't strongly correlate with measures of unrelated
constructs.
Face validity - Answers extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.
Inter-rater reliability - Answers agreement consistency between diff raters who record the same
behaviour.
Internal consistency reliability - Answers how consistent P's responses are across items within
the same test/scale.
Interval scale - Answers scale with equal intervals b/w values but no true zero.
Measurement error - Answers diffs b/w a P's observed score + their true score due to random
factors.
Nominal scale - Answers categorical, labels, names without order.
Ordinal scale - Answers ranked categories in ordered levels with unequal intervals between
ranks.
Participant reactivity - Answers Ps changing their behaviour bc they know they're being
observed.
Pearson correlation coefficient (r) - Answers strength + direction of a linear relationship b/w Vs.
Predictive validity - Answers criterion validity showing that a measure accurately predicts future
outcomes it should relate to.
Ratio scale - Answers scale with equal intervals + true zero.
Reliability - Answers consistency of a measurement across time, observers, items.
Split-half reliability - Answers test is divided in half, both scores are correlated (int consistency).
UPDATE 2025/2026
Anonymous - Answers info collected is not identifiable, P identities hidden from their data.
Concern for welfare - Answers ensuring and protecting P well-being, privacy, and safety.
Confederate - Answers experimenter's accomplice whose identity is concealed to Ps in
experiments.
Confidential - Answers Ps cannot be linked to their data.
Debriefing - Answers revealing deception to, thank, explain, and restore Ps.
Deception - Answers actively misrepresenting info to Ps to mislead them about the study's goal.
Ethics codes - Answers provide ethical principles + standards for all areas of professional
psychology (goals are to advance and use knowledge and respect civil/human rights + freedom).
Exempt research - Answers if there are no risks to Ps (no threat to anonymity; expectation of
privacy; manipulation).
Fraud - Answers fabricating (inventing) or altering (changing) data to fit hypotheses.
Informed consent - Answers Ps are provided with all of the info that may influence their decision
to participate.
Justice - Answers P benefits and risks are balanced.
Minimal risk research - Answers risks are no greater than risks faced in everyday life.
Plagiarism - Answers (un)intentionally stealing data and claiming it as your own.
REB - Answers board that reviews research projects to see if they meet ethical standards;
approval is essential to conduct studies.
Respect for persons - Answers respecting autonomy + protecting those who don't have it so Ps
choose freely.
Risk-benefit analysis - Answers calculating potential Rs and Bs.
Secondary use of data - Answers collected data for one study to be used for another.
Three Rs - Answers replacement (alternatives/no animal use), reduction (min animals used),
refinement (lessen pain/distress as much as possible).
TCPS - Answers first standard Canadian ethic code for research involving humans, used as a
guideline for researchers (revised to TCPS2).
, Coefficient omega - Answers more accurate than Cronbach's alpha, measures internal
consistency reliability (how well items on a scale measure the same construct).
Concurrent validity - Answers criterion validity where scores on a new measure correlate with
scores on an established measure.
Construct validity - Answers the extent to which a measure truly reflects the theoretical
construct it's intended to measure.
Content validity - Answers how much a measure represents all parts of the construct it's
supposed to cover.
Cronbach's alpha - Answers measures internal consistency reliability.
Discriminant validity - Answers measure doesn't strongly correlate with measures of unrelated
constructs.
Face validity - Answers extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure.
Inter-rater reliability - Answers agreement consistency between diff raters who record the same
behaviour.
Internal consistency reliability - Answers how consistent P's responses are across items within
the same test/scale.
Interval scale - Answers scale with equal intervals b/w values but no true zero.
Measurement error - Answers diffs b/w a P's observed score + their true score due to random
factors.
Nominal scale - Answers categorical, labels, names without order.
Ordinal scale - Answers ranked categories in ordered levels with unequal intervals between
ranks.
Participant reactivity - Answers Ps changing their behaviour bc they know they're being
observed.
Pearson correlation coefficient (r) - Answers strength + direction of a linear relationship b/w Vs.
Predictive validity - Answers criterion validity showing that a measure accurately predicts future
outcomes it should relate to.
Ratio scale - Answers scale with equal intervals + true zero.
Reliability - Answers consistency of a measurement across time, observers, items.
Split-half reliability - Answers test is divided in half, both scores are correlated (int consistency).
