PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 7 EXAM
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Adiponectin. Answer: Hormone from fat cells that increases
insulin sensitivity and decreases liver glucose output.
◉ Endocannabinoid system. Answer: Increases appetite, decreases
insulin sensitivity, increases fat storage.
◉ Catecholamines (sympathetic system). Answer: Increase glucose
release & fat breakdown; decrease insulin release.
◉ Corticosteroids. Answer: Increase glucose release, decrease
insulin sensitivity, reduce protein building.
◉ Growth hormone. Answer: Decreases insulin sensitivity and raises
free fatty acids.
◉ Growth hormone effect on insulin. Answer: It reduces insulin
sensitivity.
,◉ Hyperglycemia early signs. Answer: Fatigue, irritability, thirst,
frequent infections, slow wound healing.
◉ Why does hyperglycemia cause polyuria?. Answer: Glucose pulls
water into urine (osmotic diuresis).
◉ Ketosis. Answer: Ketone buildup due to fat breakdown when
glucose can't enter cells.
◉ What metabolic state causes fruity breath?. Answer: Ketosis.
◉ Acidosis in diabetes. Answer: Results from ketone accumulation
lowering blood pH.
◉ Which diabetic emergency produces acidosis?. Answer: Diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA).
◉ Kussmaul respirations. Answer: Deep, rapid breathing to
compensate for metabolic acidosis.
◉ What do Kussmaul respirations indicate?. Answer: Severe
metabolic acidosis (often DKA).
,◉ HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State). Answer: Severe
hyperglycemia and dehydration without ketosis, usually in type 2.
◉ Why does HHS occur without ketosis?. Answer: Type 2 diabetes
usually has enough insulin to prevent ketone formation.
◉ DKA hallmark features. Answer: Ketones, acidosis, dehydration,
altered mental status.
◉ Which diabetic emergency causes ketone production?. Answer:
DKA.
◉ Glucose in stress response. Answer: Stress increases glucose
through glycogen breakdown and fat/protein breakdown.
◉ Why can stress cause temporary hyperglycemia?. Answer: The
body releases glucose for energy during stress.
◉ Dangerous hyperglycemia warning signs. Answer: Fruity breath,
dehydration, Kussmaul breaths, confusion/coma.
◉ What symptom indicates impending diabetic coma?. Answer:
Confusion with Kussmaul respirations.
, ◉ Hypoglycemia. Answer: Blood glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL.
◉ What causes hypoglycemia in diabetics?. Answer: Too much
insulin, missed meals, or extra exercise.
◉ Hypoglycemia neurologic effects. Answer: Headache, confusion,
blurred vision, hyperactive reflexes.
◉ Why does hypoglycemia impair mental function?. Answer: The
brain depends on glucose and cannot store it.
◉ Hypoglycemia adrenergic effects. Answer: Sweating, tremors,
anxiety, palpitations.
◉ Which system causes sweating and tremors during
hypoglycemia?. Answer: The sympathetic nervous system.
◉ Hyperglycemia characteristics. Answer: Warm, dry skin; polyuria;
polydipsia; fruity breath; slow onset.
◉ What skin changes are seen in hyperglycemia?. Answer: Warm,
dry, flushed skin.
FINAL PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Adiponectin. Answer: Hormone from fat cells that increases
insulin sensitivity and decreases liver glucose output.
◉ Endocannabinoid system. Answer: Increases appetite, decreases
insulin sensitivity, increases fat storage.
◉ Catecholamines (sympathetic system). Answer: Increase glucose
release & fat breakdown; decrease insulin release.
◉ Corticosteroids. Answer: Increase glucose release, decrease
insulin sensitivity, reduce protein building.
◉ Growth hormone. Answer: Decreases insulin sensitivity and raises
free fatty acids.
◉ Growth hormone effect on insulin. Answer: It reduces insulin
sensitivity.
,◉ Hyperglycemia early signs. Answer: Fatigue, irritability, thirst,
frequent infections, slow wound healing.
◉ Why does hyperglycemia cause polyuria?. Answer: Glucose pulls
water into urine (osmotic diuresis).
◉ Ketosis. Answer: Ketone buildup due to fat breakdown when
glucose can't enter cells.
◉ What metabolic state causes fruity breath?. Answer: Ketosis.
◉ Acidosis in diabetes. Answer: Results from ketone accumulation
lowering blood pH.
◉ Which diabetic emergency produces acidosis?. Answer: Diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA).
◉ Kussmaul respirations. Answer: Deep, rapid breathing to
compensate for metabolic acidosis.
◉ What do Kussmaul respirations indicate?. Answer: Severe
metabolic acidosis (often DKA).
,◉ HHS (Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State). Answer: Severe
hyperglycemia and dehydration without ketosis, usually in type 2.
◉ Why does HHS occur without ketosis?. Answer: Type 2 diabetes
usually has enough insulin to prevent ketone formation.
◉ DKA hallmark features. Answer: Ketones, acidosis, dehydration,
altered mental status.
◉ Which diabetic emergency causes ketone production?. Answer:
DKA.
◉ Glucose in stress response. Answer: Stress increases glucose
through glycogen breakdown and fat/protein breakdown.
◉ Why can stress cause temporary hyperglycemia?. Answer: The
body releases glucose for energy during stress.
◉ Dangerous hyperglycemia warning signs. Answer: Fruity breath,
dehydration, Kussmaul breaths, confusion/coma.
◉ What symptom indicates impending diabetic coma?. Answer:
Confusion with Kussmaul respirations.
, ◉ Hypoglycemia. Answer: Blood glucose ≤ 70 mg/dL.
◉ What causes hypoglycemia in diabetics?. Answer: Too much
insulin, missed meals, or extra exercise.
◉ Hypoglycemia neurologic effects. Answer: Headache, confusion,
blurred vision, hyperactive reflexes.
◉ Why does hypoglycemia impair mental function?. Answer: The
brain depends on glucose and cannot store it.
◉ Hypoglycemia adrenergic effects. Answer: Sweating, tremors,
anxiety, palpitations.
◉ Which system causes sweating and tremors during
hypoglycemia?. Answer: The sympathetic nervous system.
◉ Hyperglycemia characteristics. Answer: Warm, dry skin; polyuria;
polydipsia; fruity breath; slow onset.
◉ What skin changes are seen in hyperglycemia?. Answer: Warm,
dry, flushed skin.
