PHARMACOLOGY NURS 251 MODULE 6
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ As unbound free drug decreases, ________ bound drug is released
from _________ to maintain a balance Answer: - more
- proteins
◉ Drugs are dosed according to how bound they are to ___________.
Answer: - Albumin
◉ Drugs are considered to be highly protein bound if greater than
_______ is bound to protein. Answer: 90%
◉ What occurs if a person with low albumin takes a highly-protein
bound drug? Why? What can it cause? Answer: - Increases the risk
for toxic effects
- There are less binding sites available and causes excess of free drug
◉ What occurs if a person takes two highly-protein bound drugs?
What can it cause? Which drug is displaced? Answer: - medications
compete for the binding sites
- Can cause more free drug leading to toxicity
,- The lower bound drug is displaced
◉ What are (4) situations that decrease protein? Answer: 1.
Malnutrition
2. Alcoholism
3. Liver disease
4. Kidney disease
◉ Enzymes from the CYP system are involved in _____ metabolism?
Answer: - Hepatic metabolism
◉ What are two other sites of excretion besides the kidneys?
Answer: - Liver & Bowels
◉ What happens to drug excretion in a person with kidney disease?
Allows for? Can lead to? Answer: - Decreased excretion
- Allows for built up of drug in the body
- Can lead to toxicity
◉ Kidney function is monitored by _________ _________? Answer: -
Creatine levels
,◉ When looking at renal function in pharmacology, the concern is
creatinine levels that are _________ than normal. Answer: Higher
◉ What is the normal range for creatinine? Answer: - The range for
creatinine is 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
◉ We want the creatinine level to be less than __________ for drugs to
be excreted. Answer: - 1.3 mg/dL
◉ Creatinine clearance determines? Answer: - how well the
medications will be excreted more accurately than a creatinine level
alone
◉ Ideally, we want the creatinine clearance to be (____Greater or Less
than______) than _______ mL/min. Answer: - greater than 30 mL/min.
◉ *** After ____ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be removed
from the body, with approximately ______% of the drug remaining in
the system. Answer: - 5
- 3%
◉ *** Equilibrium is when .... Answer: - The amount of the drug
excreted is = to the amount absorbed from each dose
, ◉ *** Steady state normally occurs after how many half-lifes?
Answer: - 4-5
◉ Tylenol half-life Answer: 2-3 hours
◉ Aleve half-life Answer: 12-17 hours
◉ Therapeutic Effect? Example? Answer: - A positive physiologic
change in a faulty system.
- ex: lowered blood pressure in a patient with hypertension
◉ What are side effects? What do you need to educate the patient
on? Answer: - Physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects
- Teach patient about side effects and how to prevent them if
possible
◉ Drugs with a narrow therapeutic range require: close monitoring
to ensure that no _______ occurs. Examples are: _________, _________, and
_____________. Answer: - toxicity
- warfarin, digoxin, and phenytoin
◉ What is tolerance? Answer: - Decreased responsiveness over the
course of therapy
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ As unbound free drug decreases, ________ bound drug is released
from _________ to maintain a balance Answer: - more
- proteins
◉ Drugs are dosed according to how bound they are to ___________.
Answer: - Albumin
◉ Drugs are considered to be highly protein bound if greater than
_______ is bound to protein. Answer: 90%
◉ What occurs if a person with low albumin takes a highly-protein
bound drug? Why? What can it cause? Answer: - Increases the risk
for toxic effects
- There are less binding sites available and causes excess of free drug
◉ What occurs if a person takes two highly-protein bound drugs?
What can it cause? Which drug is displaced? Answer: - medications
compete for the binding sites
- Can cause more free drug leading to toxicity
,- The lower bound drug is displaced
◉ What are (4) situations that decrease protein? Answer: 1.
Malnutrition
2. Alcoholism
3. Liver disease
4. Kidney disease
◉ Enzymes from the CYP system are involved in _____ metabolism?
Answer: - Hepatic metabolism
◉ What are two other sites of excretion besides the kidneys?
Answer: - Liver & Bowels
◉ What happens to drug excretion in a person with kidney disease?
Allows for? Can lead to? Answer: - Decreased excretion
- Allows for built up of drug in the body
- Can lead to toxicity
◉ Kidney function is monitored by _________ _________? Answer: -
Creatine levels
,◉ When looking at renal function in pharmacology, the concern is
creatinine levels that are _________ than normal. Answer: Higher
◉ What is the normal range for creatinine? Answer: - The range for
creatinine is 0.6-1.3 mg/dL
◉ We want the creatinine level to be less than __________ for drugs to
be excreted. Answer: - 1.3 mg/dL
◉ Creatinine clearance determines? Answer: - how well the
medications will be excreted more accurately than a creatinine level
alone
◉ Ideally, we want the creatinine clearance to be (____Greater or Less
than______) than _______ mL/min. Answer: - greater than 30 mL/min.
◉ *** After ____ half-lives, most drugs are considered to be removed
from the body, with approximately ______% of the drug remaining in
the system. Answer: - 5
- 3%
◉ *** Equilibrium is when .... Answer: - The amount of the drug
excreted is = to the amount absorbed from each dose
, ◉ *** Steady state normally occurs after how many half-lifes?
Answer: - 4-5
◉ Tylenol half-life Answer: 2-3 hours
◉ Aleve half-life Answer: 12-17 hours
◉ Therapeutic Effect? Example? Answer: - A positive physiologic
change in a faulty system.
- ex: lowered blood pressure in a patient with hypertension
◉ What are side effects? What do you need to educate the patient
on? Answer: - Physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects
- Teach patient about side effects and how to prevent them if
possible
◉ Drugs with a narrow therapeutic range require: close monitoring
to ensure that no _______ occurs. Examples are: _________, _________, and
_____________. Answer: - toxicity
- warfarin, digoxin, and phenytoin
◉ What is tolerance? Answer: - Decreased responsiveness over the
course of therapy
