GNUR 294 EXAM 3 REVIEW(STUDY GUIDE) : RATED 100%

GNUR 294 EXAM 3 REVIEW (M14-18) MODULE 14 PHARMACOTHERAPY OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes – disorder of CHO metabolism • Cells prefer glucose for energy metabolism • Normal BG level 60-100 mg/dL • If high BG (hyperglycemic) ? pancreas releases insulin ? cells take up glucose from blood and liver produces glycogen (remainder of insulin not used is brought to liver, converted to glycogen and stored) ? BG falls • If low BG (hypoglycemic) ? pancreas releases glucagon ? liver breaks down glycogen (glycogenolysis) ? BG rises Type 1 DM • Autoimmune response triggered by viral infection • Cause – destruction of beta cells with lack of insulin • Symptom onset is rapid (acute) – immune system attacks beta cells of pancreas o Polyuria o Polydipsia o Polyphagia • BG 350 o Acts as osmotic diuretic – very hypertonic o Pulls fluid from other tissues o Pt has significant profound diuresis o Pt becomes hypovolemic • Cells convert metabolism from using glucose for energy to breaking down fatty acids o Ketones are by-product – highly acidic o Leads to metabolic acidosis • Treatment – IV insulin, IV fluids Type 2 DM • Completely preventable • Cause – insulin resistance or insulin deficiency • Intake of too much simple CHO that body does not need for energy metabolism – extra glucose in blood stream • Pancreas continuously forced to secrete insulin every time person takes in simple CHO o Causes hyperglycemia • Cells become resistant to insulin constantly trying to push glucose into cell membrane when it doesn’t need it • Beta cells become exhausted o Don’t secrete as much insulin as they should