GNRS 515 Patho Alterations in Muscular
Development + DMD Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Duchenne's |Muscular |Dystrophy
dystrophy |deficiency; |it |is |the |gene |that |causes |muscles |to |attach |themselves |to |surrounding |
structures
Image: |Duchenne's |Muscular |Dystrophy
Classic |Inflammatory |joint |disease |can |be:
Infectious |(by |invasion |of |pathogens) |or
Noninfectious
-By |deposition |of |crystals |(gout)
-Immune |reactions |(rheumatoid |arthritis)
Historically |called |arthritis. |Characterized |by |damage |to |synovial |membrane |or |articular |
cartilage |and |systemic |signs |of |inflammation: |fever, |leukocytes, |malaise, |anorexia, |& |
hyperfibrinogenemia.
rheumatoid |arthritis |(RA)
chronic, |systemic, |inflammatory |autoimmune |disease
,It |particularly |affects |the |joints |and |involves:
-Synovial |inflammation
-Joint |swelling, |and |ankylosis
-Destruction |of |articular |cartilage
It |affects |the |synovial |membrane |first
Many |cytokines |and |inflammatory |enzymes |contribute |to |the |joint |damage, |and |development |
of |an |exaggerated |immune |response, |including:
Interleukins, |T |& |B |cells, |and |collagenase
RA |Patho |Quick
Leukocytes |infiltrate |into |the |synovium |leading |to |synovitis |and |eventual |joint |damage
[May |spread |to |surrounding |capsules]
Joints |most |commonly |affected |include:
Fingers |(first), |wrist, |elbow, |shoulder
Feet, |ankles, |knees
Hip |and |cervical |spine
Tissues |of |the |lungs, |heart, |kidneys |and |skin |can |be |affected |as |well
RA |Genetic |RF
Genetic |RF:
, Most |significant, |are |variations |in |HLA |genes, |genes |of |the |major |histocompatibility |complex
Particularly |the |HLA-DRB1 |gene, |an |MHC |class |II |gene |expressed |in |antigen |presenting |cells
Proteins |produced |from |HLA |genes |assist |the |immune |system |in |distinguishing |self |proteins |
from |non-self |proteins |(bacteria |and |viruses)
Epigenetic |factors |can |confer |the |effects |of |environmental |triggers, |such |as |smoking |or |diet
T |cell |abnormalities |appear |in |individuals |with |RA, |indicating |a |defect |in |telomere |repair |
(results |in |faster |aging |and |loss |of |immune |function)
Those |with |a |genetic |predisposition |to |RA |have |an |increased |risk |when |they |smoke
-Or |repeated |bronchial |stress
-Or |infections |(Epstein-Barr |virus, |E. |coli)
-This |results |in |repeated |activation |of |innate |immunity |which |occurs |over |many |years
Autoimmunity |increases |gradually |until |some |unknown |process |tips |the |balance |toward |
clinically |apparent |disease
Once |the |inflammatory |process |is |established, |the |synovium |in |RA |organizes |itself |into |an |
invasive |tissue |that |can |degrade |cartilage |and |bone
RA |Environmental |RF:
RF:
Age |(highest |among |adults |in |their |sixties)
Gender |(two |to |three |times |higher |in |women)
Nulliparity
Women |who |breast-feed |have |a |decreased |risk |of |developing |RA
Low |socioeconomic |status, |obesity
Early |life |exposures |(children |whose |mothers |smoked |have |double |the |risk)
Development + DMD Exam Questions With
Correct Answers
Duchenne's |Muscular |Dystrophy
dystrophy |deficiency; |it |is |the |gene |that |causes |muscles |to |attach |themselves |to |surrounding |
structures
Image: |Duchenne's |Muscular |Dystrophy
Classic |Inflammatory |joint |disease |can |be:
Infectious |(by |invasion |of |pathogens) |or
Noninfectious
-By |deposition |of |crystals |(gout)
-Immune |reactions |(rheumatoid |arthritis)
Historically |called |arthritis. |Characterized |by |damage |to |synovial |membrane |or |articular |
cartilage |and |systemic |signs |of |inflammation: |fever, |leukocytes, |malaise, |anorexia, |& |
hyperfibrinogenemia.
rheumatoid |arthritis |(RA)
chronic, |systemic, |inflammatory |autoimmune |disease
,It |particularly |affects |the |joints |and |involves:
-Synovial |inflammation
-Joint |swelling, |and |ankylosis
-Destruction |of |articular |cartilage
It |affects |the |synovial |membrane |first
Many |cytokines |and |inflammatory |enzymes |contribute |to |the |joint |damage, |and |development |
of |an |exaggerated |immune |response, |including:
Interleukins, |T |& |B |cells, |and |collagenase
RA |Patho |Quick
Leukocytes |infiltrate |into |the |synovium |leading |to |synovitis |and |eventual |joint |damage
[May |spread |to |surrounding |capsules]
Joints |most |commonly |affected |include:
Fingers |(first), |wrist, |elbow, |shoulder
Feet, |ankles, |knees
Hip |and |cervical |spine
Tissues |of |the |lungs, |heart, |kidneys |and |skin |can |be |affected |as |well
RA |Genetic |RF
Genetic |RF:
, Most |significant, |are |variations |in |HLA |genes, |genes |of |the |major |histocompatibility |complex
Particularly |the |HLA-DRB1 |gene, |an |MHC |class |II |gene |expressed |in |antigen |presenting |cells
Proteins |produced |from |HLA |genes |assist |the |immune |system |in |distinguishing |self |proteins |
from |non-self |proteins |(bacteria |and |viruses)
Epigenetic |factors |can |confer |the |effects |of |environmental |triggers, |such |as |smoking |or |diet
T |cell |abnormalities |appear |in |individuals |with |RA, |indicating |a |defect |in |telomere |repair |
(results |in |faster |aging |and |loss |of |immune |function)
Those |with |a |genetic |predisposition |to |RA |have |an |increased |risk |when |they |smoke
-Or |repeated |bronchial |stress
-Or |infections |(Epstein-Barr |virus, |E. |coli)
-This |results |in |repeated |activation |of |innate |immunity |which |occurs |over |many |years
Autoimmunity |increases |gradually |until |some |unknown |process |tips |the |balance |toward |
clinically |apparent |disease
Once |the |inflammatory |process |is |established, |the |synovium |in |RA |organizes |itself |into |an |
invasive |tissue |that |can |degrade |cartilage |and |bone
RA |Environmental |RF:
RF:
Age |(highest |among |adults |in |their |sixties)
Gender |(two |to |three |times |higher |in |women)
Nulliparity
Women |who |breast-feed |have |a |decreased |risk |of |developing |RA
Low |socioeconomic |status, |obesity
Early |life |exposures |(children |whose |mothers |smoked |have |double |the |risk)
