TEST_ BANK_ FOR
McCance_&_Huether’s_Pathophysiology_The_Biologic_Basis_for_Disease_in_Adults_and_Chil
dren_9th_Edition_by_Julia_Rogers
Chapter_1-49
Chapter_01:_Cellular_Biology
Rogers:_McCance_&_Huether’s_Pathophysiology,_9th_Edition
MULTIPLE_CHOICE
1. Which_statement_best_describes_the_cellular_function_of_metabolic_absorption?
a. Cells_can_produce_proteins.
b. Cells_can_secrete_digestive_enzymes
.
c. Cells_can_take_in_and_use_nutrients.
d. Cells_can_synthesize_fats.
ANS:_ C
In_metabolic_absorption,_all_cells_take_in_and_use_nutrients_and_other_substances_from_their_
surroundings._The_remaining_options_are_not_inclusive_in_their_descriptions_of_cellular_meta
bolic_absorption.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
2. Where_is_most_of_a_cell’s_genetic_information,_including_RNA_and_DNA,_contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:_ C
The_nucleus_contains_the_nucleolus,_a_small_dense_structure_composed_largely_of_RNA,_mo
st_of_the_cellular_DNA,_and_the_DNA-
binding_proteins,_such_as_the_histones,_which_regulate_its_activity._The_mitochondria_are_re
sponsible_for_cellular_respiration_and_energy_production.
Ribosomes’_chief_function_is_to_provide_sites_for_cellular_protein_synthesis._Lysosomes_fun
ction_as_the_intracellular_digestive_system.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
3. Which_component_of_the_cell_produces_hydrogen_peroxide_(H2O2)_by_using_oxygen_to_remo
ve_hydrogen_atoms_from_specific_substrates_in_an_oxidative_reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:_ B
, Peroxisomes_are_so_named_because_they_usually_contain_enzymes_that_use_oxygen_to_remov
e_hydrogen_atoms_from_specific_substrates_in_an_oxidative_reaction_that_produces_H2O2,_whi
ch_is_a_powerful_oxidant_and_potentially_destructive_if_it_accumulates_or_escapes_from_perox
isomes._Ribosomes_are_RNA-
protein_complexes_(nucleoproteins)_that_are_synthesized_in_the_nucleolus_and_secreted_into_t
he_cytoplasm_through_pores_in_the_nuclear_envelope_called_nuclear_pore_complexes._Lysoso
mes_are_saclike_structures_that_originate_from_the_Golgi_complex_and_contain_more_than_40_
digestive_enzymes_called_hydrolases,_which_catalyze_bonds_in_proteins,_lipids,_nucleic_acids
,_and_carbohydrates._An_endosome_is_a_vesical_that_has_been_pinched_off_from_the_cellular_
membrane.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
4. Which_cell_component_is_capable_of_cellular_autodigestion_when_it_is_released_during_c
ell_injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi_complex
c. Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:_ D
The_lysosomal_membrane_acts_as_a_protective_shield_between_the_powerful_digestive_enzym
es_within_the_lysosome_and_the_cytoplasm,_preventing_their_leakage_into_the_cytoplasmic_m
atrix._Disruption_of_the_membrane_by_various_treatments_or_cellular_injury_leads_to_a_releas
e_of_the_lysosomal_enzymes,_which_can_then_react_with_their_specific_substrates,_causing_ce
llular_self-
_digestion._The_chief_function_of_a_ribosome_is_to_provide_sites_for_cellular_protein_synthesi
s._The_Golgi_complex_is_a_network_of_flattened,_smooth_vesicles_and_membranes_often_loc
ated_near_the_cell_nucleus._The_smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum_is_involved_in_steroid_hormo
ne_production_and_removing_toxic_substances_from_the_cell.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
5. Which_cAMP-mediated_response_is_related_to_antidiuretic_hormone?
a. Increased_heart_rate_and_force_of_contractio
n
b. Secretion_of_cortisol
c. Increased_retention_of_water
d. Breakdown_of_fat
ANS:_ C
Antidiuretic_hormone_leads_to_increased_retention_of_water_in_the_body._Epinephrine_causes_incr
eases_in_heart_rate_and_force_of_contraction._Increased_cortisol_secretion_is_due_to_ACTH._Break
down_of_fat_is_due_to_glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
6. During_which_phase_of_the_cell_cycle_is_DNA_synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS:_ B
, The_four_designated_phases_of_the_cell_cycle_are:_(1)_the_G1_phase_(G_=_gap),_which_is_the_
period_between_the_M_phase_(M_=_mitosis)_and_the_start_of_DNA_synthesis;_(2)_the_S_phase
_(S
=_synthesis),_during_which_DNA_is_synthesized_in_the_cell_nucleus;_(3)_the_G2_phase,_durin
g_which_RNA_and_protein_synthesis_occurs,_the_period_between_the_completion_of_DNA_sy
nthesis_and_the_next_phase_(M);_and_(4)_the_M_phase,_which_includes_nuclear_and_cytoplas
mic_division.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
7. What_organic_compound_facilitates_transportation_across_cell_membranes_by_acting_
as_receptors,_transport_channels_for_electrolytes,_and_enzymes_to_drive_active_pump
s?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:_ C
Proteins_have_several_functions,_including_acting_as_receptors,_transport_channels_for_electrol
ytes,_and_enzymes_to_drive_active_pumps_Lipids_help_act_as_the_―glue‖_holding_cell_membr
anes_together._Proteases_cause_the_breakdown_of_protein._Carbohydrates_are_involved_in_cell
ular_protection_and_lubrication_and_help_produce_energy_via_oxidative_phosphorylation.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
8. Understanding_the_various_steps_of_proteolytic_cascades_may_be_useful_in_designing_dr
ug_therapy_for_which_human_diseases?
a. Cardiac_and_vascular_disorders
b. Autoimmune_and_malignant_disorders
c. Gastrointestinal_and_renal_disorders
d. Endocrine_and_gastrointestinal_disorders
ANS:_ B
Understanding_the_various_steps_involved_in_this_process_is_crucial_for_designing_drug_inter
ventions._Dysregulation_of_proteases_features_prominently_in_many_human_diseases,_includi
ng_cancer,_autoimmunity,_and_neurodegenerative_disorders._Cardiac,_vascular,_gastrointesti
nal,_renal,_and_endocrine_disorders_do_not_involve_this_process.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
9. Which_structure_prevents_water-
soluble_molecules_from_entering_cells_across_the_plasma_membrane?
a. Carbohydrate_chains
b. Glycoprotein_channels
c. Membrane_channel_proteins
d. Lipid_bilayer
ANS:_ D
, The_bilayer’s_structure_accounts_for_one_of_the_essential_functions_of_the_plasma_membrane
._It_is_impermeable_to_most_water-
soluble_molecules_(molecules_that_dissolve_in_water)_because_the_water-
soluble_molecules_are_insoluble_in_the_oily_core_region._The_bilayer_serves_as_a_barrier_to_t
he_diffusion_of_water_and_hydrophilic_substances_while_allowing_lipid-
soluble_molecules,_such_as_oxygen_(O2)_and_carbon_dioxide_(CO2),_to_diffuse_through_it_re
adily.
Carbohydrate_chains,_glycoprotein_channels,_and_membrane_channel_proteins_do_not_preve
nt_water-soluble_molecules_from_entering_cells_across_the_cell_membrane.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
10. A_student_asks_for_an_explanation_of_the_absolute_refractory_period_of_the_action_potenti
al._What_response_by_the_professor_is_best?
a. A_stronger_than_normal_impulse_will_evoke_another_response.
b. No_stimulus_is_able_to_evoke_another_response_at_this_time.
c. Multiple_stimuli_can_produce_more_rapid_action_potentials.
d. The_hyperpolarized_state_means_a_weaker_stimulus_produces_a_respons
e.
ANS:_ B
During_the_absolute_refractory_state_of_the_action_potential,_no_stimulus_is_able_to_evoke_an
other_response_from_the_cell._A_stronger_than_normal_impulse_may_generate_a_response_in_t
he_relative_refractory_period._This_period_of_time_is_not_related_to_the_number_of_stimuli._A
_hyperpolarized_state_means_a_stronger_than_normal_stimulus_would_be_needed_to_generate_
a_response.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
11. Which_form_of_cell_communication_is_used_to_within_the_cell_itself_and_with_other_cell
s_in_direct_physical_contact?
a. Protein_channel_(gap_junction)
b. Plasma_membrane-bound_signaling_molecules
c. Hormone_secretion_such_as_neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular_chemical_messengers_such_as_ligand
s
ANS:_ B
Cells_communicate_in_three_main_ways;_they_display_plasma_membrane-
bound_signaling_molecules_that_affect_the_cell_itself_and_other_cells_in_direct_physical_contac
t_with_it,_they_affect_receptor_proteins_inside_the_target_cell,_and_they_form_protein_channels_
(gap_junctions)_that_directly_coordinate_the_activities_of_adjacent_cells._Neurotransmitters_ar
e_released_by_neurons_and_cross_the_synaptic_cleft_to_communicate_with_the_cells_they_inner
vate._Ligands_are_involved_in_binding_processes.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
12. Which_mode_of_chemical_signaling_uses_blood_to_transport_communication_to_cells_so
me_distance_away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS:_ D
McCance_&_Huether’s_Pathophysiology_The_Biologic_Basis_for_Disease_in_Adults_and_Chil
dren_9th_Edition_by_Julia_Rogers
Chapter_1-49
Chapter_01:_Cellular_Biology
Rogers:_McCance_&_Huether’s_Pathophysiology,_9th_Edition
MULTIPLE_CHOICE
1. Which_statement_best_describes_the_cellular_function_of_metabolic_absorption?
a. Cells_can_produce_proteins.
b. Cells_can_secrete_digestive_enzymes
.
c. Cells_can_take_in_and_use_nutrients.
d. Cells_can_synthesize_fats.
ANS:_ C
In_metabolic_absorption,_all_cells_take_in_and_use_nutrients_and_other_substances_from_their_
surroundings._The_remaining_options_are_not_inclusive_in_their_descriptions_of_cellular_meta
bolic_absorption.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
2. Where_is_most_of_a_cell’s_genetic_information,_including_RNA_and_DNA,_contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS:_ C
The_nucleus_contains_the_nucleolus,_a_small_dense_structure_composed_largely_of_RNA,_mo
st_of_the_cellular_DNA,_and_the_DNA-
binding_proteins,_such_as_the_histones,_which_regulate_its_activity._The_mitochondria_are_re
sponsible_for_cellular_respiration_and_energy_production.
Ribosomes’_chief_function_is_to_provide_sites_for_cellular_protein_synthesis._Lysosomes_fun
ction_as_the_intracellular_digestive_system.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
3. Which_component_of_the_cell_produces_hydrogen_peroxide_(H2O2)_by_using_oxygen_to_remo
ve_hydrogen_atoms_from_specific_substrates_in_an_oxidative_reaction?
a. Lysosomes
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS:_ B
, Peroxisomes_are_so_named_because_they_usually_contain_enzymes_that_use_oxygen_to_remov
e_hydrogen_atoms_from_specific_substrates_in_an_oxidative_reaction_that_produces_H2O2,_whi
ch_is_a_powerful_oxidant_and_potentially_destructive_if_it_accumulates_or_escapes_from_perox
isomes._Ribosomes_are_RNA-
protein_complexes_(nucleoproteins)_that_are_synthesized_in_the_nucleolus_and_secreted_into_t
he_cytoplasm_through_pores_in_the_nuclear_envelope_called_nuclear_pore_complexes._Lysoso
mes_are_saclike_structures_that_originate_from_the_Golgi_complex_and_contain_more_than_40_
digestive_enzymes_called_hydrolases,_which_catalyze_bonds_in_proteins,_lipids,_nucleic_acids
,_and_carbohydrates._An_endosome_is_a_vesical_that_has_been_pinched_off_from_the_cellular_
membrane.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
4. Which_cell_component_is_capable_of_cellular_autodigestion_when_it_is_released_during_c
ell_injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi_complex
c. Smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS:_ D
The_lysosomal_membrane_acts_as_a_protective_shield_between_the_powerful_digestive_enzym
es_within_the_lysosome_and_the_cytoplasm,_preventing_their_leakage_into_the_cytoplasmic_m
atrix._Disruption_of_the_membrane_by_various_treatments_or_cellular_injury_leads_to_a_releas
e_of_the_lysosomal_enzymes,_which_can_then_react_with_their_specific_substrates,_causing_ce
llular_self-
_digestion._The_chief_function_of_a_ribosome_is_to_provide_sites_for_cellular_protein_synthesi
s._The_Golgi_complex_is_a_network_of_flattened,_smooth_vesicles_and_membranes_often_loc
ated_near_the_cell_nucleus._The_smooth_endoplasmic_reticulum_is_involved_in_steroid_hormo
ne_production_and_removing_toxic_substances_from_the_cell.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
5. Which_cAMP-mediated_response_is_related_to_antidiuretic_hormone?
a. Increased_heart_rate_and_force_of_contractio
n
b. Secretion_of_cortisol
c. Increased_retention_of_water
d. Breakdown_of_fat
ANS:_ C
Antidiuretic_hormone_leads_to_increased_retention_of_water_in_the_body._Epinephrine_causes_incr
eases_in_heart_rate_and_force_of_contraction._Increased_cortisol_secretion_is_due_to_ACTH._Break
down_of_fat_is_due_to_glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
6. During_which_phase_of_the_cell_cycle_is_DNA_synthesized?
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS:_ B
, The_four_designated_phases_of_the_cell_cycle_are:_(1)_the_G1_phase_(G_=_gap),_which_is_the_
period_between_the_M_phase_(M_=_mitosis)_and_the_start_of_DNA_synthesis;_(2)_the_S_phase
_(S
=_synthesis),_during_which_DNA_is_synthesized_in_the_cell_nucleus;_(3)_the_G2_phase,_durin
g_which_RNA_and_protein_synthesis_occurs,_the_period_between_the_completion_of_DNA_sy
nthesis_and_the_next_phase_(M);_and_(4)_the_M_phase,_which_includes_nuclear_and_cytoplas
mic_division.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
7. What_organic_compound_facilitates_transportation_across_cell_membranes_by_acting_
as_receptors,_transport_channels_for_electrolytes,_and_enzymes_to_drive_active_pump
s?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS:_ C
Proteins_have_several_functions,_including_acting_as_receptors,_transport_channels_for_electrol
ytes,_and_enzymes_to_drive_active_pumps_Lipids_help_act_as_the_―glue‖_holding_cell_membr
anes_together._Proteases_cause_the_breakdown_of_protein._Carbohydrates_are_involved_in_cell
ular_protection_and_lubrication_and_help_produce_energy_via_oxidative_phosphorylation.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
8. Understanding_the_various_steps_of_proteolytic_cascades_may_be_useful_in_designing_dr
ug_therapy_for_which_human_diseases?
a. Cardiac_and_vascular_disorders
b. Autoimmune_and_malignant_disorders
c. Gastrointestinal_and_renal_disorders
d. Endocrine_and_gastrointestinal_disorders
ANS:_ B
Understanding_the_various_steps_involved_in_this_process_is_crucial_for_designing_drug_inter
ventions._Dysregulation_of_proteases_features_prominently_in_many_human_diseases,_includi
ng_cancer,_autoimmunity,_and_neurodegenerative_disorders._Cardiac,_vascular,_gastrointesti
nal,_renal,_and_endocrine_disorders_do_not_involve_this_process.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
9. Which_structure_prevents_water-
soluble_molecules_from_entering_cells_across_the_plasma_membrane?
a. Carbohydrate_chains
b. Glycoprotein_channels
c. Membrane_channel_proteins
d. Lipid_bilayer
ANS:_ D
, The_bilayer’s_structure_accounts_for_one_of_the_essential_functions_of_the_plasma_membrane
._It_is_impermeable_to_most_water-
soluble_molecules_(molecules_that_dissolve_in_water)_because_the_water-
soluble_molecules_are_insoluble_in_the_oily_core_region._The_bilayer_serves_as_a_barrier_to_t
he_diffusion_of_water_and_hydrophilic_substances_while_allowing_lipid-
soluble_molecules,_such_as_oxygen_(O2)_and_carbon_dioxide_(CO2),_to_diffuse_through_it_re
adily.
Carbohydrate_chains,_glycoprotein_channels,_and_membrane_channel_proteins_do_not_preve
nt_water-soluble_molecules_from_entering_cells_across_the_cell_membrane.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
10. A_student_asks_for_an_explanation_of_the_absolute_refractory_period_of_the_action_potenti
al._What_response_by_the_professor_is_best?
a. A_stronger_than_normal_impulse_will_evoke_another_response.
b. No_stimulus_is_able_to_evoke_another_response_at_this_time.
c. Multiple_stimuli_can_produce_more_rapid_action_potentials.
d. The_hyperpolarized_state_means_a_weaker_stimulus_produces_a_respons
e.
ANS:_ B
During_the_absolute_refractory_state_of_the_action_potential,_no_stimulus_is_able_to_evoke_an
other_response_from_the_cell._A_stronger_than_normal_impulse_may_generate_a_response_in_t
he_relative_refractory_period._This_period_of_time_is_not_related_to_the_number_of_stimuli._A
_hyperpolarized_state_means_a_stronger_than_normal_stimulus_would_be_needed_to_generate_
a_response.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
11. Which_form_of_cell_communication_is_used_to_within_the_cell_itself_and_with_other_cell
s_in_direct_physical_contact?
a. Protein_channel_(gap_junction)
b. Plasma_membrane-bound_signaling_molecules
c. Hormone_secretion_such_as_neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular_chemical_messengers_such_as_ligand
s
ANS:_ B
Cells_communicate_in_three_main_ways;_they_display_plasma_membrane-
bound_signaling_molecules_that_affect_the_cell_itself_and_other_cells_in_direct_physical_contac
t_with_it,_they_affect_receptor_proteins_inside_the_target_cell,_and_they_form_protein_channels_
(gap_junctions)_that_directly_coordinate_the_activities_of_adjacent_cells._Neurotransmitters_ar
e_released_by_neurons_and_cross_the_synaptic_cleft_to_communicate_with_the_cells_they_inner
vate._Ligands_are_involved_in_binding_processes.
DIF: Cognitive_Level:_Remembering
12. Which_mode_of_chemical_signaling_uses_blood_to_transport_communication_to_cells_so
me_distance_away?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS:_ D
