PSYCH 160 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Lifespan Development - Answer -field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan
Physical Development - Answer -development involving the body's physical make up
Cognitive Development - Answer -development involving the ways that growth and
change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Personality Development - Answer -development involving the ways that the enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan
Social Development - Answer -the way in which individuals' interactions with others and
their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life
Social Construction - Answer -shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but
is a function of society and culture at a given time
Cohort - Answer -a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
History-Graded Influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences
associated with a particular historical moment
Age-Graded Influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
Continuous Change - Answer -gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels (quantitative in nature)
Discontinuous Change - Answer -development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
Critical Period - Answer -specific time during development when a particular event has
its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is
necessary for development to proceed normally (Critical for normal development)
Sensitive Period - Answer -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments but the absence of those
stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer -the influence of genetics or the influence of the physical
and social development in which a child is raised
,Maturation - Answer -the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
Theories - Answer -explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest,
providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of
facts or principles
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer -the approach stating that behavior is motivated
by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness
and control.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
Id - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present
at birth - pleasure principle: goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Ego - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - rational and reasonable part of the personality - reality
principle: instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain safety of the individual and
help integrate the person into society
Superego - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - a person's conscience
Oral - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(0-12/18 months) Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting
Positive: feelings of trust from environmental support
Negative: Fear and concern regarding others
Anal - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(12/18 months - 3 years) Gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to
terms with society's controls relating toilet training
Positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: Doubts about self, lack of independence
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Phallic - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
(3 - 5/6 years) Interest in the genitals; coming to terms with Oedipal conflict, leading to
identification with same-sex parent
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
,Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts
Latency - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(5/6 years - adolescence) Sexual concerns largely unimportant
Positive: Development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Genital - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
(adolescence to adulthood) reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of
mature sexual relationships
Positive: awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: inability to identify appropriate roles in life
Psychosocial Development - Answer -psychodynamic perspective - the approach that
encompasses changes in our interactions with understandings of one another, as well
as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(0-12/18 months)
Positive: Feelings of trust from environmental support
Negative: Fear and concern regarding others
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer -
psychodynamic perspective -
(12/18 months - 3 years)
Positive: self sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: doubts about self, lack of independence
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(3 - 5/6 years)
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(5/6 years to adolescence)
Positive: Development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery
Identity vs. Role diffusion - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
, (adolescence-adolescence)
Positive: awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: inability to identify appropriate roles in life
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(Early adulthood)
Positive: development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships
Negative: fear of relationships with others
Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(Middle Adulthood)
Positive: Sense of contribution to continuity of life
Negative: trivialization of one's activities
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Ego-integrity vs. Despair - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(Late Adulthood)
Positive: sense of unity in life's accomplishments
Negative: regret over lost opportunities of life
Behavioral Perspective - Answer -the approach suggesting that the keys to
understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the
environment
John B Watson - Answer -one of the first American psychologists to advocate for
behavioral approach, believed strongly that we could gain a full understanding of
development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment
Classical Conditioning - Answer -behavioral perspective -
a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral
stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response (Pavlov's dogs)
Operant Conditioning - Answer -behavioral perspective -
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its
association with positive or negative consequences
B.F. Skinner - Answer -behavioral perspective -
believed that individuals learned to operate on their environments in order to bring about
desired consequences
behavior that is reinforced = repeated
behavior that receives no reinforcement or punishment = extinguished
Behavior Modification - Answer -behavioral perspective -
Lifespan Development - Answer -field of study that examines patterns of growth,
change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan
Physical Development - Answer -development involving the body's physical make up
Cognitive Development - Answer -development involving the ways that growth and
change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior
Personality Development - Answer -development involving the ways that the enduring
characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the lifespan
Social Development - Answer -the way in which individuals' interactions with others and
their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life
Social Construction - Answer -shared notion of reality, one that is widely accepted but
is a function of society and culture at a given time
Cohort - Answer -a group of people born at around the same time in the same place
History-Graded Influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences
associated with a particular historical moment
Age-Graded Influences - Answer -biological and environmental influences that are
similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when or where they are
raised
Continuous Change - Answer -gradual development in which achievements at one
level build on those of previous levels (quantitative in nature)
Discontinuous Change - Answer -development that occurs in distinct steps or stages,
with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different
from behavior at earlier stages
Critical Period - Answer -specific time during development when a particular event has
its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is
necessary for development to proceed normally (Critical for normal development)
Sensitive Period - Answer -a point in development when organisms are particularly
susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments but the absence of those
stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences
Nature vs. Nurture - Answer -the influence of genetics or the influence of the physical
and social development in which a child is raised
,Maturation - Answer -the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
Theories - Answer -explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest,
providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of
facts or principles
Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer -the approach stating that behavior is motivated
by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness
and control.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
Id - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality that is present
at birth - pleasure principle: goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Ego - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - rational and reasonable part of the personality - reality
principle: instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain safety of the individual and
help integrate the person into society
Superego - Answer -Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory -
psychodynamic perspective - a person's conscience
Oral - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(0-12/18 months) Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing, biting
Positive: feelings of trust from environmental support
Negative: Fear and concern regarding others
Anal - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(12/18 months - 3 years) Gratification from expelling and withholding feces; coming to
terms with society's controls relating toilet training
Positive: self-sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: Doubts about self, lack of independence
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Phallic - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
(3 - 5/6 years) Interest in the genitals; coming to terms with Oedipal conflict, leading to
identification with same-sex parent
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
,Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts
Latency - Answer -Freud's Psychosexual Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(5/6 years - adolescence) Sexual concerns largely unimportant
Positive: Development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery
Freud's Psychosexual Theory - Genital - Answer -psychodynamic perspective -
(adolescence to adulthood) reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of
mature sexual relationships
Positive: awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: inability to identify appropriate roles in life
Psychosocial Development - Answer -psychodynamic perspective - the approach that
encompasses changes in our interactions with understandings of one another, as well
as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(0-12/18 months)
Positive: Feelings of trust from environmental support
Negative: Fear and concern regarding others
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer -
psychodynamic perspective -
(12/18 months - 3 years)
Positive: self sufficiency if exploration is encouraged
Negative: doubts about self, lack of independence
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(3 - 5/6 years)
Positive: discovery of ways to initiate actions
Negative: guilt from actions and thoughts
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(5/6 years to adolescence)
Positive: Development of sense of competence
Negative: feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery
Identity vs. Role diffusion - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
, (adolescence-adolescence)
Positive: awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed
Negative: inability to identify appropriate roles in life
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(Early adulthood)
Positive: development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships
Negative: fear of relationships with others
Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer -Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -
psychodynamic perspective -
(Middle Adulthood)
Positive: Sense of contribution to continuity of life
Negative: trivialization of one's activities
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory - Ego-integrity vs. Despair - Answer -psychodynamic
perspective -
(Late Adulthood)
Positive: sense of unity in life's accomplishments
Negative: regret over lost opportunities of life
Behavioral Perspective - Answer -the approach suggesting that the keys to
understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the
environment
John B Watson - Answer -one of the first American psychologists to advocate for
behavioral approach, believed strongly that we could gain a full understanding of
development by carefully studying the stimuli that composed the environment
Classical Conditioning - Answer -behavioral perspective -
a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral
stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response (Pavlov's dogs)
Operant Conditioning - Answer -behavioral perspective -
a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its
association with positive or negative consequences
B.F. Skinner - Answer -behavioral perspective -
believed that individuals learned to operate on their environments in order to bring about
desired consequences
behavior that is reinforced = repeated
behavior that receives no reinforcement or punishment = extinguished
Behavior Modification - Answer -behavioral perspective -
