PBH 101 FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and stress. Answer - Low
income and education levels have been shown to be strong predictors of a
range of physical and mental health problems. These health problems may be
due to environmental conditions in living and workspaces, increased levels of
stress, lack of access to healthcare, food scarcity or poor nutrition.
Define health disparities and social justice. Answer - preventable differences in
the burden, disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal
health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other
population groups and communities.
populations that most commonly experience health disparities. Answer -
Racial and ethnic minority groups
People with lower socioeconomic status (SES).
Underserved rural communities.
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups.
Define what a stressful job is Answer - Job stress can be defined as the harmful
physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job
do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker.
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and lifestyle risk factors for
chronic disease. Answer - individuals with lower income and education had
,higher rates of chronic disease and unhealthy behaviors than those with higher
income and education.
Describe links between stress and health outcomes Answer - high blood
pressure,
heart disease,
stroke,
obesity
and diabetes.
Describe disparities in COVID-19 mortality. Answer - Age: Higher risk for older
individuals.
Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
and obesity increase risk.
Race and Ethnicity: Disparities exist, often linked to social determinants of
health.
Socioeconomic Status: Lower status may lead to challenges in healthcare
access.
Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs, like healthcare and frontline work, pose
Define epidemiologic transition. Answer - Definition: Long-term shift in
patterns of health and disease in a population.
Describe the three 'ages' of the epidemiologic transition and list them in order.
Answer - Stages:Age of Pestilence and Famine: High mortality from infectious
diseases, malnutrition (pre-modern societies).Age of Receding Pandemics:
Decline in infectious diseases due to improved sanitation, nutrition, and public
health.Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases: Rise of non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, linked
to lifestyle factors and aging.
, Significance: Helps understand how disease patterns change over time,
informing public health strategies.
List the top three leading causes of death in the U.S. in 1900 and now. Answer
- 1900:
Infectious Diseases: Pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis.
Heart Disease: Present but not as prevalent.
Accidents and Unintentional Injuries: Common due to industrial work and
unsafe conditions.
Recent Years:
Heart Disease: Continues to be the top cause.
Cancer: Significant impact on mortality.
Unintentional Injuries (Accidents): Evolved, including motor vehicle accidents
and drug overdoses.
Define compression of morbidity. Answer - Definition: A concept in public
health where the goal is to minimize the time spent in a state of illness and
disability at the end of life.
Objective: Extend the period of good health and functional capacity,
compressing the timeframe of chronic diseases and disabilities.
Advocacy: Promoted as a desirable outcome, emphasizing both increased
lifespan and healthspan.
Key Factors: Achieved through efforts in preventive healthcare, healthy
behaviors, and overall public health improvements.
atherosclerosis Answer - Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition
characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of
arteries. Over time, this can lead to the narrowing and hardening of the
arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing serious complications
such as heart attacks and strokes.
COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and stress. Answer - Low
income and education levels have been shown to be strong predictors of a
range of physical and mental health problems. These health problems may be
due to environmental conditions in living and workspaces, increased levels of
stress, lack of access to healthcare, food scarcity or poor nutrition.
Define health disparities and social justice. Answer - preventable differences in
the burden, disease, injury, violence, or in opportunities to achieve optimal
health experienced by socially disadvantaged racial, ethnic, and other
population groups and communities.
populations that most commonly experience health disparities. Answer -
Racial and ethnic minority groups
People with lower socioeconomic status (SES).
Underserved rural communities.
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) groups.
Define what a stressful job is Answer - Job stress can be defined as the harmful
physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job
do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker.
Describe the links between socioeconomic status and lifestyle risk factors for
chronic disease. Answer - individuals with lower income and education had
,higher rates of chronic disease and unhealthy behaviors than those with higher
income and education.
Describe links between stress and health outcomes Answer - high blood
pressure,
heart disease,
stroke,
obesity
and diabetes.
Describe disparities in COVID-19 mortality. Answer - Age: Higher risk for older
individuals.
Underlying Health Conditions: Conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes,
and obesity increase risk.
Race and Ethnicity: Disparities exist, often linked to social determinants of
health.
Socioeconomic Status: Lower status may lead to challenges in healthcare
access.
Occupational Exposures: Certain jobs, like healthcare and frontline work, pose
Define epidemiologic transition. Answer - Definition: Long-term shift in
patterns of health and disease in a population.
Describe the three 'ages' of the epidemiologic transition and list them in order.
Answer - Stages:Age of Pestilence and Famine: High mortality from infectious
diseases, malnutrition (pre-modern societies).Age of Receding Pandemics:
Decline in infectious diseases due to improved sanitation, nutrition, and public
health.Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases: Rise of non-
communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, linked
to lifestyle factors and aging.
, Significance: Helps understand how disease patterns change over time,
informing public health strategies.
List the top three leading causes of death in the U.S. in 1900 and now. Answer
- 1900:
Infectious Diseases: Pneumonia, influenza, tuberculosis.
Heart Disease: Present but not as prevalent.
Accidents and Unintentional Injuries: Common due to industrial work and
unsafe conditions.
Recent Years:
Heart Disease: Continues to be the top cause.
Cancer: Significant impact on mortality.
Unintentional Injuries (Accidents): Evolved, including motor vehicle accidents
and drug overdoses.
Define compression of morbidity. Answer - Definition: A concept in public
health where the goal is to minimize the time spent in a state of illness and
disability at the end of life.
Objective: Extend the period of good health and functional capacity,
compressing the timeframe of chronic diseases and disabilities.
Advocacy: Promoted as a desirable outcome, emphasizing both increased
lifespan and healthspan.
Key Factors: Achieved through efforts in preventive healthcare, healthy
behaviors, and overall public health improvements.
atherosclerosis Answer - Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition
characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the inner walls of
arteries. Over time, this can lead to the narrowing and hardening of the
arteries, reducing blood flow and potentially causing serious complications
such as heart attacks and strokes.
