PNP301 Final Exam 2025 | Questions &
Answers with Complete Solution | Police
Management Guide
Question 1: Which homeostatic mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining serum
pH between 7.35 and 7.45?
A) Buffer systems only
B) Renal compensation only
C) Respiratory and renal compensation together
D) Hypothalamic feedback loops
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory and renal compensation together
Explanation: The lungs rapidly adjust CO₂ levels while the kidneys slowly reabsorb or secrete
H⁺ and HCO₃⁻; both systems must act in concert to keep arterial pH within the narrow
physiologic range.
Question 2: A 68-year-old male presents with left-sided hemiparesis and facial droop that
began 90 minutes ago. Which pathophysiologic process is most likely occurring?
A) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
B) Ischemic stroke in the right middle-cerebral-artery territory
C) Intracerebral hemorrhage in the cerebellum
D) Transient ischemic attack
Correct Answer: B) Ischemic stroke in the right middle-cerebral-artery territory
Explanation: Sudden, persistent contralateral motor deficits localize to the contralateral
cerebral hemisphere; the middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral aspect of the cerebral
cortex controlling face and arm.
,Question 3: Which laboratory value best confirms that compensatory hyperventilation is
effectively resolving diabetic ketoacidosis?
A) pH 7.30
B) HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L
C) PaCO₂ 32 mmHg
D) Anion gap 8 mEq/L
Correct Answer: D) Anion gap 8 mEq/L
Explanation: A normalized anion gap indicates ketone clearance and resolution of the
metabolic acidosis; the other values still reflect ongoing acidosis or compensatory
mechanisms.
Question 4: In Addison disease, the primary hormonal imbalance is:
A) Increased aldosterone
B) Decreased glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
C) Excess ACTH secretion
D) Elevated catecholamines
Correct Answer: B) Decreased glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Explanation: Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex reduces cortisol and aldosterone
production, leading to hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia.
Question 5: Which cytokine is the principal mediator of the febrile response during systemic
inflammation?
A) IL-1β
B) TNF-α
C) IL-10
D) Interferon-γ
Correct Answer: A) IL-1β
Explanation: IL-1β acts on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to raise the set-point,
causing fever.
, Question 6: A patient with COPD has a chronic PaCO₂ of 58 mmHg. Which acid-base disorder
is expected?
A) Acute respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Chronic respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic acidosis with compensation
Correct Answer: C) Chronic respiratory acidosis
Explanation: Retained CO₂ over months allows renal retention of HCO₃⁻, normalizing pH; this
is chronic respiratory acidosis.
Question 7: Which type of shock is characterized by decreased preload, increased SVR, and
decreased cardiac output?
A) Anaphylactic
B) Cardiogenic
C) Hypovolemic
D) Neurogenic
Correct Answer: C) Hypovolemic
Explanation: Volume loss reduces ventricular filling (↓preload), prompting reflex
vasoconstriction (↑SVR) and a fall in stroke volume and cardiac output.
Question 8: The pathologic hallmark of asthma is:
A) Destruction of alveolar walls
B) Mucosal edema, bronchial smooth-muscle hypertrophy, and eosinophilic infiltration
C) Loss of ciliary function only
D) Thickened pulmonary capillary membrane
Correct Answer: B) Mucosal edema, bronchial smooth-muscle hypertrophy, and eosinophilic
infiltration
Explanation: Chronic type-2 inflammation drives airway remodeling, hyper-responsiveness,
and reversible obstruction.
Answers with Complete Solution | Police
Management Guide
Question 1: Which homeostatic mechanism is primarily responsible for maintaining serum
pH between 7.35 and 7.45?
A) Buffer systems only
B) Renal compensation only
C) Respiratory and renal compensation together
D) Hypothalamic feedback loops
Correct Answer: C) Respiratory and renal compensation together
Explanation: The lungs rapidly adjust CO₂ levels while the kidneys slowly reabsorb or secrete
H⁺ and HCO₃⁻; both systems must act in concert to keep arterial pH within the narrow
physiologic range.
Question 2: A 68-year-old male presents with left-sided hemiparesis and facial droop that
began 90 minutes ago. Which pathophysiologic process is most likely occurring?
A) Subarachnoid hemorrhage
B) Ischemic stroke in the right middle-cerebral-artery territory
C) Intracerebral hemorrhage in the cerebellum
D) Transient ischemic attack
Correct Answer: B) Ischemic stroke in the right middle-cerebral-artery territory
Explanation: Sudden, persistent contralateral motor deficits localize to the contralateral
cerebral hemisphere; the middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral aspect of the cerebral
cortex controlling face and arm.
,Question 3: Which laboratory value best confirms that compensatory hyperventilation is
effectively resolving diabetic ketoacidosis?
A) pH 7.30
B) HCO₃⁻ 18 mmol/L
C) PaCO₂ 32 mmHg
D) Anion gap 8 mEq/L
Correct Answer: D) Anion gap 8 mEq/L
Explanation: A normalized anion gap indicates ketone clearance and resolution of the
metabolic acidosis; the other values still reflect ongoing acidosis or compensatory
mechanisms.
Question 4: In Addison disease, the primary hormonal imbalance is:
A) Increased aldosterone
B) Decreased glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
C) Excess ACTH secretion
D) Elevated catecholamines
Correct Answer: B) Decreased glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Explanation: Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex reduces cortisol and aldosterone
production, leading to hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia.
Question 5: Which cytokine is the principal mediator of the febrile response during systemic
inflammation?
A) IL-1β
B) TNF-α
C) IL-10
D) Interferon-γ
Correct Answer: A) IL-1β
Explanation: IL-1β acts on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to raise the set-point,
causing fever.
, Question 6: A patient with COPD has a chronic PaCO₂ of 58 mmHg. Which acid-base disorder
is expected?
A) Acute respiratory acidosis
B) Metabolic alkalosis
C) Chronic respiratory acidosis
D) Metabolic acidosis with compensation
Correct Answer: C) Chronic respiratory acidosis
Explanation: Retained CO₂ over months allows renal retention of HCO₃⁻, normalizing pH; this
is chronic respiratory acidosis.
Question 7: Which type of shock is characterized by decreased preload, increased SVR, and
decreased cardiac output?
A) Anaphylactic
B) Cardiogenic
C) Hypovolemic
D) Neurogenic
Correct Answer: C) Hypovolemic
Explanation: Volume loss reduces ventricular filling (↓preload), prompting reflex
vasoconstriction (↑SVR) and a fall in stroke volume and cardiac output.
Question 8: The pathologic hallmark of asthma is:
A) Destruction of alveolar walls
B) Mucosal edema, bronchial smooth-muscle hypertrophy, and eosinophilic infiltration
C) Loss of ciliary function only
D) Thickened pulmonary capillary membrane
Correct Answer: B) Mucosal edema, bronchial smooth-muscle hypertrophy, and eosinophilic
infiltration
Explanation: Chronic type-2 inflammation drives airway remodeling, hyper-responsiveness,
and reversible obstruction.
