D664 OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT EXAM 2026
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
◉ Undernutrition. Answer: implies that the individual is not getting
enough nutrients. This can occur even if the person is consuming
more than enough calories
◉ Malnutrition. Answer: an imbalance of proper nutrients
◉ Anorexia nervosa. Answer: literally means loss of appetite, but
this is a misnomer: A person with this is hungry, but denies the
hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation,
food preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an
absence of menstrual cycles in women.
Untreated, can be fatal.
◉ Bulimia. Answer: characterized by recurring periods of binge
eating, during which large amounts of food are consumed in a short
period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting,
abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting
◉ Binge eating disorder (BED). Answer: episodes of binge eating
characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of food even
,when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after
overeating.
◉ Obesity. Answer: 15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor
dietary patterns; include increased intake of sugars in sweetened
soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density,
and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as
type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types
of cancer.
◉ Minerals. Answer: inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and
bones), maintain acid-base neutrality, regulate nerve impulses,
osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
◉ Major minerals. Answer: needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
,◉ Trace minerals. Answer: required in lesser amounts, and include
iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium,
molybdenum, and manganese
◉ HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins). Answer: protect the
body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol.
◉ LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins). Answer: most
cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad
cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty
deposits forming in the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a
heart attack
◉ Lipoproteins. Answer: large molecules of fat and protein in the
bloodstream; how cholesterol is transported
◉ Antioxidants. Answer: slow the aging process. Reduce cellular
damage by binding with free radicals produced during oxidation
reactions
◉ Oxidation reactions. Answer: the energy-yielding reactions in
which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to or a hydrogen atom
removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or
molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or
complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an electron. Two
, partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged
and the other negatively charged, now exist
◉ Free radical (Oxidant). Answer: any atom or group of atoms that
has an unpaired electron. Because electrons typically function in
pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort
to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body,
there is potential for a great deal of damage.
◉ Carbohydrates. Answer: produce 4 calories of energy per gram.
Found in foods as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice
which consist of simple sugars and starches
◉ Protein. Answer: produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources
include meats and milk. Composed of 8 essential(provided by the
diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids.
Perform many functions including building cells and tissues, forming
blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological
process can take place, without it
◉ Lipids. Answer: produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic
compounds that do not readily dissolve in water; based on their
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM
◉ Undernutrition. Answer: implies that the individual is not getting
enough nutrients. This can occur even if the person is consuming
more than enough calories
◉ Malnutrition. Answer: an imbalance of proper nutrients
◉ Anorexia nervosa. Answer: literally means loss of appetite, but
this is a misnomer: A person with this is hungry, but denies the
hunger because of an irrational fear of becoming fat. Self-starvation,
food preoccupation and rituals, compulsive exercising, and often an
absence of menstrual cycles in women.
Untreated, can be fatal.
◉ Bulimia. Answer: characterized by recurring periods of binge
eating, during which large amounts of food are consumed in a short
period of time followed by purging (through self-induced vomiting,
abuse of laxatives and/or diuretics) or periods of fasting
◉ Binge eating disorder (BED). Answer: episodes of binge eating
characterized by eating rapidly, eating large amounts of food even
,when not feeling hungry, and feeling guilty or depressed after
overeating.
◉ Obesity. Answer: 15 to 20 percent above normal weight. Poor
dietary patterns; include increased intake of sugars in sweetened
soft drinks, foods, and meals of high energy, low nutrient density,
and large portion sizes. At risk for serious health problems such as
type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and some types
of cancer.
◉ Minerals. Answer: inorganic material. Form body parts (teeth and
bones), maintain acid-base neutrality, regulate nerve impulses,
osmotic pressure, and electrolyte balance
◉ Major minerals. Answer: needed by the body:
• calcium—milk, cheese, sardines, salmon, green vegetables
• phosphorus—milk, cheese, lean meat
• potassium—oranges, bananas, dried fruits
• sulfur—eggs, poultry, fish
• sodium—table salt, beef, eggs, cheese
• chloride—table salt, meat
• magnesium—green vegetables, whole grains
,◉ Trace minerals. Answer: required in lesser amounts, and include
iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, copper, iodine, fluorine, chromium,
molybdenum, and manganese
◉ HDL cholesterol (high density lipoproteins). Answer: protect the
body against heart disease. Often called "good" cholesterol.
◉ LDL cholesterol (low density lipoproteins). Answer: most
cholesterol in the blood is of this type. Often referred to as the bad
cholesterol. high levels in the blood increases the risk of fatty
deposits forming in the arteries, which in turn increases the risk of a
heart attack
◉ Lipoproteins. Answer: large molecules of fat and protein in the
bloodstream; how cholesterol is transported
◉ Antioxidants. Answer: slow the aging process. Reduce cellular
damage by binding with free radicals produced during oxidation
reactions
◉ Oxidation reactions. Answer: the energy-yielding reactions in
which either an oxygen atom adds an electron to or a hydrogen atom
removes an electron from a substrate (a group of atoms or
molecule)—the net result is a substrate that has had a partial or
complete loss of a negatively charge particle, an electron. Two
, partially charged atoms or groups of atoms, one positively charged
and the other negatively charged, now exist
◉ Free radical (Oxidant). Answer: any atom or group of atoms that
has an unpaired electron. Because electrons typically function in
pairs, these are very prone to binding to other substrates in an effort
to regain this paired status. When this happens in the human body,
there is potential for a great deal of damage.
◉ Carbohydrates. Answer: produce 4 calories of energy per gram.
Found in foods as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides. Sources include fruits, vegetables, pasta, and rice
which consist of simple sugars and starches
◉ Protein. Answer: produce 4 calories of energy per gram. Sources
include meats and milk. Composed of 8 essential(provided by the
diet) and 12 nonessential(synthesized by the body) amino acids.
Perform many functions including building cells and tissues, forming
blood and enzymes, and fighting infection.
means primary, and no organism can live, and almost no biological
process can take place, without it
◉ Lipids. Answer: produce 9 calories of energy per gram. Organic
compounds that do not readily dissolve in water; based on their
