EMT Basic Major Exam 1Questions And Answers Well Elaborated

AAOx4 - correct answers Awake, Alert, and Oriented to 1) Date 2) Place 3) Person 4) Situation General Adaptation Syndrome - correct answers1) Alarm 2) Reaction/Response 3) Resistance OR Exhaustion Stages of Greiving - correct answers1) Denial 2) Anger/Rage 3) Bargaining 4) Depression 5) Acceptance Communication - correct answers the transmission of information to another person - whether it is verbal or nonverbal (through body language) Documentation - correct answerswritten or electronically recorded portion of your patient care interaction that becomes part of the patient's permanent medical record. Serves many purposes, including demonstrating that the care delivered was appropriate and within the scope and practice of the providers involved. Shannon-Weaver communication model - correct answersStep 1: Sender takes a thought Step 2: Encodes it into a message Step 3: Sends the message to the receiver Step 4: Receiver decodes the message Step 5: Sends feedback to the sender 5 steps of dealing with an angry patient? - correct answers1) Assess the safety of the scene 2) Do not assume an aggressive posture. 3) Make good eye contact, but do not stare. 4) Speak calmly, confidently, and slowly 5) Never threaten the patient, either verbally or physically. Parts of an oral report - correct answers1) Opening info (patient name, chief complaint, nature of illness, or mechanism of injury) 2) Detailed info (info not provided in radio report) 3) Important history not previously provided 4) Patient's response to treatment given en route 5) Vital signs assessed during transport and after the radio report 6) Other info that you gathered that may not have been important enough to report sooner C.H.A.R.T. Method of Documentation - correct answers1) Chief complaint 2) History/Physical examination 3) Assessment 4) Rx (Treatment) 5) Transport S.O.A.P. Method of Documentation - correct answers1) Subjective 2) Objective 3) Assessment 4) Patient Care 9 Elements of a patient report - correct answers1) Unit identification and level of services 2) Receiving hospital and your estimated time of arrival 3) Patient's age and gender 4) Patient's chief complaint or your perception of the problem and its severity 5) Brief history of patient's current problem 6) A brief report of physical findings including level of consciousness, general appearance, pertinent abnormalities noted, and vital signs 7) A brief summary of the care given and any patient response. 8) A brief description of the patient's response to the treatment provided 9) Determine whether the receiving facility has any additional questions or orders Average adult pulse rate per minute? - correct answers70 bpm Body functions at optimal level between which years? - correct answers19-25 Infant/Neonate breaths per minute? - correct answers30-60 Breaths per minute for adolescent to adult? - correct answers12-20 Average neonate pulse rates? - correct answers90-180 bpm Infant pulse rates? - correct answers100-160 bpm Toddler pulse rates? - correct answers90-150 bpm Adolescent to Adult Pulse Rates? - correct answers60-100 bpm Systolic BP trend from children to adults? - correct answersFrom 50-70 at neonate to 90-140 in adults Temperature trend from children to adults? - correct answers98-100 to 98.6 Differences in infant's airway anatomy - correct answers1) Ribs are less rigid 2) Ribs sit horizontally This is the reason for "belly breathing" Posterior fontanelle fuses by...? Anterior fontanelle fuses by...? - correct answers3rd month; 9-18 months Secure Attachment - correct answersInfant understands that parents or caregivers will respond to their needs. This realization encourages a child to reach out and explore, knowing their parents will provide a "safety net." Anxious-Avoidant Attachment - correct answersObserved in infants who are repeatedly rejected. In this attachment style, children show little emotional response to their parents or caregivers and treat them as they would strangers. These children often develop an isolated lifestyle where they don't have to depend on the support and care of others. Physical Changes for Toddlers and Preschoolers - correct answersA) Cardiovascular: Not dramatically different from an adult's system. B) Lungs: Continue to develop more terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Toddlers and preschoolers have more lung tissue but not well-developed lung musculature which prevents them from sustaining deep or rapid respirations for an extended period of time. C) Immunity: Viral infections (colds) often develop that may manifest as GI distress or upper respiratory tract infections. Toddlers acquire immunity as their bodies are exposed to various viruses and germs by way of other playmates/classmates. D) Neuromuscular growth: Makes considerable progress; Toddlers and preschoolers spend a great deal of time exploring how to use their expansive nervous system and the muscles it controls by walking, running, jumping, and playing catch. They move from gross motor activities (grasping an object in the palm) to fine motor activities (picking up a crayon). At the end of the stage, preschoolers will have a brain that weighs 90% of the adult weight. Muscle mass and bone density both increase. A full oxygen cylinder will contain approximately what psi? - correct answers2000; Decreased to tolerable levels by regulators At what PSI % do MOST EMS systems consider a oxygen cylinder too low to keep in service? - correct answers500-1000 psi (25%-50%) Oxygen Toxicity - correct answers Damage to tissues from excessive oxygen levels in the blood mediastinum - correct answers Space between the lungs containing the heart, major blood vessels, vagus nerve, trachea, major bronchi, and esophagus Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation - correct answers Intrinsic: infections, allergic reactions, unresponsiveness (tongue obstruction), medications lowering CNS (lowering respiratory rate/tidal volume), trauma to head/spinal cord, muscular dystrophy, and COPD Extrinsic: trauma (ex: broken jaw) or foreign body airway obstruction Factors affecting respiration - correct answers External: Atmospheric pressure and partial pressure of O2 in the air, presence of other toxic/poisonous gases in the air such as carbon monoxide (250x affinity compared to O2 hypoxemia then death), hypoxia, hypoglycemia, and infection. Internal: Pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and COPD/emphysema Five causes of traumatic emergencies that typically obstruct blood flow to individual cells and tissue? - correct answers1) Pulmonary embolism 2) Tension pneumothorax 3) Open pneumothorax 4) Hemothorax 5) Hemopneumothorax Signs to recognizing adequate breathing? - correct answers1) A normal rate (12-20 breaths/min) 2) Regular pattern of inhalation/exhalation 3) Clear and equal lung sounds on both sides of the chest 4) Regular and equal chest rise and fall (chest expansion) 5) Adequate depth (tidal volume) Kussmaul respirations - correct answers Deep, rapid respirations commonly seen in patients with metabolic acidosis MOST common cause of airway obstruction in the adult patient? - correct answersTongue falling into back of throat Never suction the mouth or nose for more than ____________ at one time for adult patients, or _____________ for children, and ____________ for infants. Why not? - correct answers15 seconds, 10 seconds, and 5 seconds Could become hypoxic OPA (Oropharyngeal Airway) indications and contraindications? - correct answers Indications: -Unresponsive patients without a gag reflex (breathing or apneic) -Apneic patients being ventilated with a BVM Contraindications: -Conscious patients -Any patient (conscious or unconscious) who has an intact gag reflex NPA (Nasopharyngeal Airway) indications and contraindications? - correct answers Indications: -Patient is unresponsive or has altered level of consciousness -Patient has an intact gag reflex -Patient is unable to maintain his or her own airway spontaneously -Semiconscious or unconscious patients with an intact gag reflex -Patients who otherwise will not tolerate an oropharyngeal airway Contraindications: -Severe head injury with blood draining from the nose -History of fractured nasal bone What percentage of O2 does nasal cannula provide when set to 1-6L/min. - correct answers24%-44% Signs of inadequate ventilation? - correct answers1) Altered mental status 2) Inadequate minute volume 3) Excessive accessory muscle use and fatigue SpO2% under normal conditions? At what point do we administer O2? - correct answers98%-100%