HSCI 305 Final Exam Actual Questions and
CORRECT Answers
Define adoptive cell therapy - CORRECT ANSWER
Define catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER produces energy by breaking down
complex molecules to simple subunits
Define anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER consumes energy by producing complex
molecules from simpler subunits
The most basic form of cellular energy is _______________ - CORRECT
ANSWER sugar
Example of a diagnostic method used in nuclear med and how it works - CORRECT
ANSWER positron emitted tomography; detects 2 photons
Best agent for measuring blood flow? - CORRECT ANSWER 15O - water
Example of most common tracer for metastases - CORRECT ANSWER 18-
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging; PET tracer that mimics glucose
Example of a clinical indication of FDG in oncology? - CORRECT
ANSWER differentiate benign from malignant
`8-FDG is a _____________________ PET agent - CORRECT
ANSWER glycolysis/metabolism
Define the Warburg Effect - CORRECT ANSWER in normal cells, glycolysis is
followed by oxidative phosphorylation, but in cancer cells it is followed by lactic acid
fermentation even with oxygen which produces excess lactic acid
,How do we image lactate accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWER 13C-pyruvate
conversion to 13C-lactate
Lactate accumulation increases _______________ - CORRECT ANSWER acidity
Slightly acidic environment decreases _______________________________ - CORRECT
ANSWER uptake of weakly basic drugs (including classic chemotherapy)
Warburg effect is driven by __________________ - CORRECT ANSWER anabolism
Anabolism requires large supply of precursor materials to make _____________ -
CORRECT ANSWER DNA, protein, and lipids
What does the tumor cell need to balance the production of? - CORRECT
ANSWER ATP, NADPH, acetyl-coa
A tumor cell needs more _____________ than ____________ - CORRECT
ANSWER NADH and Carbon; ATP
Primary source of nitrogen for the tumor? - CORRECT ANSWER glutamine
What does the pentose phosphate pathway do? - CORRECT ANSWER generate
NADPH & ribose, divert products of glycolysis, return carbons to glycolysis as needed
Primary marker of proliferation? - CORRECT ANSWER nucleotide PET = 18F-
fluorothymidine
Define autophagy - CORRECT ANSWER mechanism to survive nutrient deprived
conditions and eliminate waste; can also suppress cancer
,Caloric restrictive diet for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER 20-40% reduction = less
risk of cancer because less obesity
Ketogenic diet for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER mimics fasting by rising ketone
bodies
Clinical trial of KD as adjuvant therapy but can't stop cancer by itself
Define radiotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER use of ionizing radiation to kill a tumor
What is the mechanism of radiotherapy? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA damage kills
cells that try to undergo cell division
Define ionizing radiation - CORRECT ANSWER localized release of large packets of
energy, even if the total amount of energy absorbed is small
Most common form of cell death with ionizing radiation? - CORRECT
ANSWER mitotic crisis; cell tries to divide but chromosomal aberration interferes with
cell division
High LET - CORRECT ANSWER - less tissue penetration
- surface area damage
- faster absorption of energy
- energy moves faster and more precise
Indirect action of radiation on DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from Low LET
- radiation hits water which then damages the DNA
Direct action of radiation on DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - high LET
- radiation directly hits and mutates the DNA
, Optimal Linear Energy Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER most efficient cell killing at
100 kev/mm (alpha particles)
What does a survival curve measure? - CORRECT ANSWER reproductive cell death
(even if physically alive but unable to reeplicate)
What does the shoulder imply on a survival curve? - CORRECT ANSWER implies
repair of sublethal damage
RBE as a function of LET - CORRECT ANSWER as LET increases:
1. The survival curve becomes steeper
2. The shoulder becomes smaller
More repairable damage with _______ LET - CORRECT ANSWER low
Is there a shoulder with high LET? - CORRECT ANSWER NO
Effect of oxygen on radiation - CORRECT ANSWER Low LET radiations need
oxygen due to their indirect action on DNA
Oxygen must be present during ___________ - CORRECT ANSWER irradiation
Probability of tumor control depends on ______________ - CORRECT
ANSWER tumor size
Survival curve indicates ______ of cells that die as _____________ - CORRECT
ANSWER percent; function of dose
Example of normal tissue effects from radiotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER site: brain
Tissues at risk: brain and neural
CORRECT Answers
Define adoptive cell therapy - CORRECT ANSWER
Define catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER produces energy by breaking down
complex molecules to simple subunits
Define anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER consumes energy by producing complex
molecules from simpler subunits
The most basic form of cellular energy is _______________ - CORRECT
ANSWER sugar
Example of a diagnostic method used in nuclear med and how it works - CORRECT
ANSWER positron emitted tomography; detects 2 photons
Best agent for measuring blood flow? - CORRECT ANSWER 15O - water
Example of most common tracer for metastases - CORRECT ANSWER 18-
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging; PET tracer that mimics glucose
Example of a clinical indication of FDG in oncology? - CORRECT
ANSWER differentiate benign from malignant
`8-FDG is a _____________________ PET agent - CORRECT
ANSWER glycolysis/metabolism
Define the Warburg Effect - CORRECT ANSWER in normal cells, glycolysis is
followed by oxidative phosphorylation, but in cancer cells it is followed by lactic acid
fermentation even with oxygen which produces excess lactic acid
,How do we image lactate accumulation? - CORRECT ANSWER 13C-pyruvate
conversion to 13C-lactate
Lactate accumulation increases _______________ - CORRECT ANSWER acidity
Slightly acidic environment decreases _______________________________ - CORRECT
ANSWER uptake of weakly basic drugs (including classic chemotherapy)
Warburg effect is driven by __________________ - CORRECT ANSWER anabolism
Anabolism requires large supply of precursor materials to make _____________ -
CORRECT ANSWER DNA, protein, and lipids
What does the tumor cell need to balance the production of? - CORRECT
ANSWER ATP, NADPH, acetyl-coa
A tumor cell needs more _____________ than ____________ - CORRECT
ANSWER NADH and Carbon; ATP
Primary source of nitrogen for the tumor? - CORRECT ANSWER glutamine
What does the pentose phosphate pathway do? - CORRECT ANSWER generate
NADPH & ribose, divert products of glycolysis, return carbons to glycolysis as needed
Primary marker of proliferation? - CORRECT ANSWER nucleotide PET = 18F-
fluorothymidine
Define autophagy - CORRECT ANSWER mechanism to survive nutrient deprived
conditions and eliminate waste; can also suppress cancer
,Caloric restrictive diet for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER 20-40% reduction = less
risk of cancer because less obesity
Ketogenic diet for cancer? - CORRECT ANSWER mimics fasting by rising ketone
bodies
Clinical trial of KD as adjuvant therapy but can't stop cancer by itself
Define radiotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER use of ionizing radiation to kill a tumor
What is the mechanism of radiotherapy? - CORRECT ANSWER DNA damage kills
cells that try to undergo cell division
Define ionizing radiation - CORRECT ANSWER localized release of large packets of
energy, even if the total amount of energy absorbed is small
Most common form of cell death with ionizing radiation? - CORRECT
ANSWER mitotic crisis; cell tries to divide but chromosomal aberration interferes with
cell division
High LET - CORRECT ANSWER - less tissue penetration
- surface area damage
- faster absorption of energy
- energy moves faster and more precise
Indirect action of radiation on DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - comes from Low LET
- radiation hits water which then damages the DNA
Direct action of radiation on DNA - CORRECT ANSWER - high LET
- radiation directly hits and mutates the DNA
, Optimal Linear Energy Transfer - CORRECT ANSWER most efficient cell killing at
100 kev/mm (alpha particles)
What does a survival curve measure? - CORRECT ANSWER reproductive cell death
(even if physically alive but unable to reeplicate)
What does the shoulder imply on a survival curve? - CORRECT ANSWER implies
repair of sublethal damage
RBE as a function of LET - CORRECT ANSWER as LET increases:
1. The survival curve becomes steeper
2. The shoulder becomes smaller
More repairable damage with _______ LET - CORRECT ANSWER low
Is there a shoulder with high LET? - CORRECT ANSWER NO
Effect of oxygen on radiation - CORRECT ANSWER Low LET radiations need
oxygen due to their indirect action on DNA
Oxygen must be present during ___________ - CORRECT ANSWER irradiation
Probability of tumor control depends on ______________ - CORRECT
ANSWER tumor size
Survival curve indicates ______ of cells that die as _____________ - CORRECT
ANSWER percent; function of dose
Example of normal tissue effects from radiotherapy - CORRECT ANSWER site: brain
Tissues at risk: brain and neural
