Language for Literature A - Introduction to Stylistics Certification Review Exam Questions Fully Solved.

adverb - correct answers a word or phrase expressing a relation of place, time, circumstance, manner etc. (there, then, softly etc). affricate plosive - correct answers sounds that begin as plosives and end as fricatives (ch and j) adjective - correct answers specifies the properties of a noun. alveolar ridge - correct answers the hard area behind your top front teeth approximant - correct answers r or w - consonants that are formed by very little obstruction to the airflow through the mouth and therefore sound like a vowel bilabial - correct answers a consonantal sound, made with both lips held tightly to block passage of air. p, b and the voiced nasal m. clause - correct answers includes at least two phrases - one is a noun phrase known as the subject, and the other is the verb. closed classes - correct answers a word class to which new items are very rarely added: prepositions, determiners, conjunctions, and pronouns. deictic centre (zero point/origo) - correct answers a reference point in relation to which a deictic expression is to be interpreted - in a first person narrative, typically the narrator or a speaker. deictic expressions - correct answers words or phrases that point to temporal, spatial and personal features of events. deictic projection - correct answers transfer of the deictic centre from the speaker/narrator to a person in an imaginary situation. dental consonants - correct answers Consonants articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as t, d, n. deviant language use - correct answers Language use in contrast to a norm - e.g. the preceding text, or what is expected by generic or register conventions. The deviance can be lexical, grammatical, phonological, graphological, semantic, discoursal). diphthong - correct answers/aɪ/ ('buy'), /aʊ/ ('about'), /ɛɪ/ ('bay'), /ɛə/ ('bear'), /ɪə/ ('beer'), /əʊ/('boat'), /ɔɪ/ 'boy'), /ʊə/ ('bluer') - a single syllable made through a glide from one vowel to another. Direct Discourse - correct answers The representation of what a character said (direct speech) or thought (direct thought) as though it is a verbatim reproduction. Typically this is with quotation marks around the utterance and a pronoun or noun with a reporting verb, to indicate the speaker. If the latter is missing, it can be called Free Direct Discourse. Direct Discourse is contrasted with Indirect Discourse, where a character's utterance or thought is reported. For example: Emily said, 'It's too hot!' (DD) - Emily said that it was too hot (ID). Note the shift from present tense to past tense in 'it was too hot'. deontic modality - correct answers duty or obligation distal - correct answers deictic expressions which indicate remoteness from the speaker Direct Discourse - correct answers epistemic modality - correct answers knowledge according to evidence or reasoning exophoric reference - correct answers referring to a situation or entities outside the text eye dialect - correct answers use of nonstandard spelling to represent dialectal or colloquial pronunciation. fillers - correct answers non-silent pauses - for example, er, erm or well foregrounding - correct answersa stylistic technique whereby one part of a text is made more prominent, either by deviation from the linguistic norm or by the repetition of linguistic patterns Free Indirect Discourse - correct answersin between Direct Discourse and Indirect Discourse. Typically this is a narrator mediated presentation of a character's speech or thoughts, in which the flavour of the character's way of thinking or speaking is presented but the narrator's voice is evident. Tense is usually shifted (as in Indirect Discourse) and if the first or second person pronoun is used in the verbatim version it too is shifted to third person in the FID version. For example, 'Emily saw him reach out to pick up the saucepan, it was too hot, he'd burn himself (FID). He didn't listen' fricative - correct answersconsonants produced by forcing air through a narrow opening made by placing two articulators together, such as when the upper teeth touch the lower lip - v, s, z, f, h, θ, ð, ʃ, ʒ Grice's maxims - correct answersquantity, quality, manner and relevance/relation heterodiegetic - correct answersa narrator who relates the experiences of characters in a story in which he or she does not participate homodiegietic - correct answersa narrator who is also a character in the story that they relate. hypotaxis - correct answerssyntactic subordination of one clause or construction to another interactional - correct answerslanguage used to maintain relationships labiodental - correct answersa consonantal sound, made by placing lower from teeth against the upper lip to reduce the passage of air. The most common sounds are /f/ /v/. Labov's narrative framework - correct answersLabov analysed oral narratives and proposed that narratives are made up of six elements: abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution and coda. Only the complicating action is essential to a narrative, and the elements do not necessarily appear in the same order. Evaluation can occur at any point. lexical density - correct answersThe proportion of content words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, and often also adverbs) to the total number of words. locutionary - correct answersA locutionary act is the surface meaning of an utterance. The illocutionary act (force) is the intended meaning of the utterance. For example, 'your glass is empty' can mean (locutionary act) that the speaker is observing that there is no liquid in the other person's glass, but the intention (the illocutionary act) may be to show that the speaker is offering to put more liquid in the other person's glass - either to pour some liquid in or to buy the other person a drink. manner (mode) of articulation - correct answersthe configuration and interaction of the articulators (speech organs such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a speech sound metaphor - linguistic and conceptual - correct answersLakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Conceptual metaphor is the understanding of a concept in terms of another (argument is war) and linguistic metaphor is the realisation of a conceptual metaphor (eg, 'He attacked every weak point in my argument'). metonymy - correct answersa type of figurative language use in which the part is understood in terms of the whole (for example, 'set of wheels' = 'car'), or where something is named by association (eg, 'the suits in Aston Webb'). morphology - correct answersthe study of the internal structure of words nasal - correct answersConsonants produced by air flowing through the nose when the velum is partially lowered. /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ open class - correct answersWord class that commonly accepts the addition of new words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs. parallelism - correct answersRepetition of words or a pattern of grammar or sound or shape to create an effect of equivalence or opposition - I came, I saw, I conquered. parataxis - correct answersAbsence of syntactic subordination of one clause or construction to another. Clauses or constructions are treated as equal (for example, two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction). Typical in spoken language. perlocutionary - correct answersthe perlocutionary effect is the effect that a speech act may have on a hearer (or reader) endophoric reference - correct answersreferring to another expression within the same text phoneme - correct answersthe smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language phrase - correct answersa syntactic unit which may be composed of one or more words. It is at a lower level than a clause. place of articulation - correct answersThe point of contact, where airflow is obstructed in the vocal tract between an active, moving articulator (typically a part of the tongue) and a passive articulator (typically a part of the roof of the mouth). planes of discourse - correct answersLiterary texts can be analysed for the messages that are passed from one person (a communicator) to another (the reader or audience). The simplest model is: Level 1: author - reader Level 2: Narrator - narratee Level 3: Character A - character B More complex texts however, work on more levels (planes), such as Character A being a narrator within a narrative and then presenting the voices of characters within the new narrative, on a fourth plane. plosive consonants - correct answersConsonants in which the vocal tract is blocked temporarily and the airflow ceases. /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ post alveolar consonants - correct answers prescriptive grammar - correct answersA prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. proximal - correct answersdeictic expressions which indicate nearness to the speaker (or perceived nearness). register - correct answersvariety of language defined by situation.A fundamental is between formal and informal registers. schwa - correct answersunstressed central vowel represented by the symbol /ə/ in IPA. semantics - correct answersthe study of meaning of linguistic expressions source domain - correct answersthe conceptual domain that we draw on for metaphorical expressions. More concrete, e.g. day. speech act - correct answersan utterance that serves a function in communication. We perform speech acts when, for example, we offer an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal. syntax - correct answersthe ways that words can be, or are, put together, in order to make sentences. tag question test - correct answersSimpson proposes this test to find out the verb phrase and the subject of a declarative statement. For example, the statement 'My aunt and my uncle visit the farm regularly' can have the tag 'don't they?' where the 'they' identifies the 'My aunt and my uncle' as subject and the 'visit' as the verb element - the presence of both makes this a clause. target domain - correct answersthe conceptual domain that we try to understand in metaphor. Usually abstract, e.g. life. transactional language - correct answerslanguage used to make a transaction and which has a result. cf, interactional language, which is used to maintain relationships. triphthong - correct answers/ɑɪə/ ('fire'), /ɑʊə/ ('hour') - a single syllable made through a glide from one vowel to another and then a third. velar consonants - correct answers these are produced by contact between the tongue and lower part of the velum (or soft palate). /k/ and /g/. voicing - correct answers speech sounds can be described as either voiced or voiceless. A voiced sound is one in which the voc