Comparative Stylistics Actual Exam Questions And Correct Guaranteed Answers.

Stylistic phonetics - correct answers studies the style-forming phonetic features of sounds and peculiarities of their organization in speech. It also investigates variants of pronunciation occurring in different speech types, and prosodic features of prose and poetry. Stylistic morphology - correct answers touches upon the stylistic potential of grammatical forms and grammatical meanings peculiar to particular speech types. Stylistic lexicology - correct answers considers stylistic functions of the lexicon, expressive, evaluative, and emotive potential of words belonging to different vocabulary layers. Stylistic syntax - correct answers investigates the style-forming potential of syntactic constructions and peculiarities of their usage in different speech types. The stylistic value of the text is manifested not merely through a sum of stylistic meanings of its units but also through the interrelation and interaction of these elements and the structure and composition of the whole text. Contrastive stylistics - correct answers investigates language systems of two or more languages in comparison. It belongs to partial typology as it studies a restricted number of language features and phenomena (expressive means, stylistic devices, and functional styles). Types of context: - correct answersphysical, social, historical, psychological, cultural A linguistic context - correct answersis the encirclement of a language unit by other language units in speech. Such encirclement makes the meaning of the unit clear and unambiguous. It is especially important in case with polysemantic words. Microcontext - correct answersis the context of a single utterance (sentence). Macrocontext - correct answersis the context of a paragraph in a text. Megacontext - correct answersis the context of a book chapter, a story or the whole book. An extralingual (situational) context - correct answersis formed by extralingual conditions in which communication takes place. Besides making the meaning of words well-defined, a situational context allows the speaker to economize on speech efforts and to avoid situationally redundant language signs. Extralingual context - correct answerscan be physical or abstract and can significantly affect the communication. A conversation between lovers can be affected by surroundings in terms of music, location, and the presence of others. Such surroundings form - correct answersa physical context. A dialogue between colleagues can be affected by the nature of their relationship. That is, one may be of higher status than the other. Such nature forms - correct answersan abstract context. Historical accounts are more easily understood when evoked in the context of their own time. Such context is called - correct answerstemporal or chronological. There would be a psychologically advantageous context within which to tell one's spouse about that dented bumper on the new car. Such context may be called - correct answerspsychological Expressive means - correct answersof a language are those phonetic, lexical, morphological and syntactic units and forms which make speech emphatic. Expressive means introduce connotational (stylistic, non-denotative) meanings into utterances. Phonetic expressive means - correct answersinclude pitch, melody, stresses, pauses, whispering, singing, and other ways of using human voice. Morphological expressive means - correct answersare emotionally coloured suffixes of diminutive nature. To lexical expressive means - correct answersbelong words, possessing connotations, such as epithets, poetic and archaic words, slangy words, vulgarisms, and interjections. Tо syntactic expressive means - correct answersbelong emphatic syntactic constructions. Such constructions stand in opposition to their neutral equivalents. Stylistic devices - correct answers(tropes, figures of speech) unlike expressive means are not language phenomena. They are formed in speech and most of them do not exist out of context. According to principles of their formation, stylistic devices are grouped into - correct answersphonetic, lexico-semantic and syntactic types. Phonetic expressive means are - correct answerssounds, stresses, rhythm, intonation, voice, pauses, etc. There are three types of sound arrangement in instrumentation that unites basic phonetic stylistic devices: - correct answersalliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia alliteration that is - correct answersa deliberate stylistically motivated repetition of consonants in words that follow one another and appear close enough to be noticeable; it is more often in English than in Ukrainian; assonance that is - correct answersa deliberate stylistically motivated repetition of vowel sounds that imitate the natural sound of the same stressed vowel in the close succession; it often combines with alliteration, rhyme, and other devices; onomatopoeia - correct answersa deliberate combination or repetition of nature sounds Syntactic stylistic devices are based on: - correct answers1) formal and semantic interaction of syntactical constructions (parallelism, anaphora, epiphora, anadiplosis, chiasmus, and framing); 2) transposition of the syntactical meaning in the context (rhetoric question); 3) transposition of types and means of connection between clauses and sentences (parcelling/parcelation, coordination instead of subordination, subordination instead of coordination). Lexical expressive means of the English and Ukrainian languages are - correct answerswords which have both a denotative and connotative meanings. All of them make a lexical stylistic device, which is called a choice of words. In accordance with the sphere of their usage English words can be divided into 3 main layers: - correct answersliterary, neutral and colloquial The literary layer includes words that are - correct answersuniversally accepted, words that have no local or dialectal character. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: - correct answerscommon literary, terms and learned words, poetic, archaic, barbarisms and foreign words, literary coinages (including nonce-words) The colloquial layer of words is - correct answersoften limited to a definite language community (e.g. professional group) or confined to a special locality where it is spoken. The colloquial vocabulary falls into: - correct answerscommon colloquial, slang, jargonisms, professionalisms, dialectal, vulgar, colloquial coinages The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are - correct answersgrouped under the term "Standard English Vocabulary". Neutral words - correct answerswhich form the bulk of the English Vocabulary, are used both in literary and colloquial language. They are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. Common literary words - correct answersare chiefly used in writing and polished speech. It may seem difficult to distinguish a literary word from a colloquial word as no objective criteria of classification have been worked out. Some of lexical units belonging to this (common colloquial) stratum are - correct answersclose to the non-standard colloquial groups, such as jargonisms, professionalisms, etc. Lexico-semantic stylistic devices: - correct answersfigures of substitution Figures of substitution: - correct answersfigures of quality and figures of quantity Figures of quality: - correct answersmetaphor (personification), metonymy (synecdoche), periphrasis (euphemism), epithet, antonomasia, irony. Figures of quantity: - correct answershyperbole, meiosis, litotes Metaphor - correct answersis a figure of quality. It is the result of transference of the name of one object to another object based upon similarity of these objects. According to the pragmatic effect produced upon the addressee metaphors are subdivided into - correct answerstrite (or dead) and genuine (or original). Dead metaphors are - correct answersfixed in dictionaries.