NURS 6220 Midterm
Osmolality - Answers-Refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals -- such
as sodium and other electrolytes
If there is increase in plasma osmolality then ADH is secreted and thirst is stimulated to increase water.
Osmolarity - Answers-concentration of solute in solution
Caseous Necrosis - Answers-Lung from TB
complete loss of cells and tissue architecture at the center of the granuloma. Breakdown is like cottage
cheese. Replace cells with debris that appears as friable, white, cottage cheese like deposits in tissue.
Granular accumulation that stains pink, with a border of macrophages on LM.
largely due to apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages.
Coagulative necrosis - Answers-Caused by ischemia
Seen in Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands caused by protein breakdown
Tissues retain their original form and consistency bc happens so fast.
MI, gangrene.
SUDDEN LOSS OF BLOOD FLOW
,Liquifactive necrosis - Answers-In neurons and glial cells
cells fall apart and no tissue seen, infection common. Neutrophils then invade the area.
disruption of architecture
Wet gangrene.
Fat necrosis - Answers-Breasts and pancreas
Cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipases.
type of liquefactive
enzymatic cells fall apart and get necrosis
common cause are gallstones or alcohol
How does ischemia affect cells - Answers-loss of ATP causes cells to swell due to influx of sodium
Nucleus - Answers-contains DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins
Cytoplasm - Answers-Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane
Mitochondria - Answers-Make ATP + Oxidative phosphorylation, participating in cellular respiration
,Ribosomes - Answers-Small granules composed of RNA, on rough ER, and free ribosomes (polysomes)
Rough ER - Answers-Makes proteins for excretion.
Liver has a lot of Rough ER for albumin and other proteins
Polysomes - Answers-free floating ribosmes that make internal proteins
SER - Answers-Catabolism of drugs, hormones, and synthesis of steroid hormones. Livers also have a lot
of SER. Prominent in Adrenal cells and leydig cells.
Golgi Apparatus - Answers-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by
the cell- proteins come here after the ER to be modified and sent to secretory granules
Lysosomes - Answers-An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton - Answers-A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape,
and aids in movement. Intermediate filaments are cell to cell specific proteins- used to diagnose cancers.
Free radicals - Answers-chemical particles with an odd number of electrons- they damage cell by giving
up an electron causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane. Includes hydrogen peroxide,
superoxide, hydroxyl radical. Often occurs after re-perfusion.
Metaplasia - Answers-Change of one cell type to another. ex columnar cells in bronchial mucosa +
smoking then turns to stratified squamous epithelium. Usually a pre-neoplastic sign
Hypertrophy - Answers-increase in cell size or organ size. Post mitotic organs (cardiac or skeletal fibers).
Cardiac hypertrophy.
, Cardiac hypertrophy - Answers-enlarged myocytes, increased nuclear size, nuclei appears like a box car
due to increased chromatin. Increased production of contractile proteins and organelles.
Hyperplasia - Answers-Increase in # of cells, prostate: epithelial and stromal hyperplasia, still has mitotic
ability.
Physiologic: cellular hyperplasia in lactating moms. Also seen in kidneys, endometrial hyperplasia from
estrogen, callus on hands or heels, polyps of the intestine.
Atrophy - Answers-decrease in cell size or #. Skeletal muscle due to disuse or denervation to decrease in
cell size in skeletal muscle cells. Cerebral atrophy.
Necrosis - Answers-Progressive membrane damage, and Ca++ influx, then chromatin clumping and
organelle swelling, then rupture of the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and organelle membranes.
Fibrinoid necrosis - Answers-Only in vessels, especially in arteries. Fibrin like strands in walls, H&E stain
shows fragments of smooth muscle. Shows immune complex vasculitis- endothelial damage by HTN.
Apoptosis - Answers-Programmed cell death.
Cell membrane remains intact and no release of enzymes
Exudate - Answers-an extravascular fluid that is high in protein concentrate and contains cellular debris
serous exudate - Answers-clear, few cells, inflammatory edema, protein rich
purulent exudate - Answers-pus, cloudy, PNMs and necrotic tissue. Access in liquefactive necrosis.
Osmolality - Answers-Refers to the concentration of dissolved particles of chemicals and minerals -- such
as sodium and other electrolytes
If there is increase in plasma osmolality then ADH is secreted and thirst is stimulated to increase water.
Osmolarity - Answers-concentration of solute in solution
Caseous Necrosis - Answers-Lung from TB
complete loss of cells and tissue architecture at the center of the granuloma. Breakdown is like cottage
cheese. Replace cells with debris that appears as friable, white, cottage cheese like deposits in tissue.
Granular accumulation that stains pink, with a border of macrophages on LM.
largely due to apoptosis and necrosis of macrophages.
Coagulative necrosis - Answers-Caused by ischemia
Seen in Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands caused by protein breakdown
Tissues retain their original form and consistency bc happens so fast.
MI, gangrene.
SUDDEN LOSS OF BLOOD FLOW
,Liquifactive necrosis - Answers-In neurons and glial cells
cells fall apart and no tissue seen, infection common. Neutrophils then invade the area.
disruption of architecture
Wet gangrene.
Fat necrosis - Answers-Breasts and pancreas
Cellular dissolution caused by powerful enzymes called lipases.
type of liquefactive
enzymatic cells fall apart and get necrosis
common cause are gallstones or alcohol
How does ischemia affect cells - Answers-loss of ATP causes cells to swell due to influx of sodium
Nucleus - Answers-contains DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins
Cytoplasm - Answers-Contains organelles, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane
Mitochondria - Answers-Make ATP + Oxidative phosphorylation, participating in cellular respiration
,Ribosomes - Answers-Small granules composed of RNA, on rough ER, and free ribosomes (polysomes)
Rough ER - Answers-Makes proteins for excretion.
Liver has a lot of Rough ER for albumin and other proteins
Polysomes - Answers-free floating ribosmes that make internal proteins
SER - Answers-Catabolism of drugs, hormones, and synthesis of steroid hormones. Livers also have a lot
of SER. Prominent in Adrenal cells and leydig cells.
Golgi Apparatus - Answers-A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by
the cell- proteins come here after the ER to be modified and sent to secretory granules
Lysosomes - Answers-An organelle containing digestive enzymes
Cytoskeleton - Answers-A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape,
and aids in movement. Intermediate filaments are cell to cell specific proteins- used to diagnose cancers.
Free radicals - Answers-chemical particles with an odd number of electrons- they damage cell by giving
up an electron causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane. Includes hydrogen peroxide,
superoxide, hydroxyl radical. Often occurs after re-perfusion.
Metaplasia - Answers-Change of one cell type to another. ex columnar cells in bronchial mucosa +
smoking then turns to stratified squamous epithelium. Usually a pre-neoplastic sign
Hypertrophy - Answers-increase in cell size or organ size. Post mitotic organs (cardiac or skeletal fibers).
Cardiac hypertrophy.
, Cardiac hypertrophy - Answers-enlarged myocytes, increased nuclear size, nuclei appears like a box car
due to increased chromatin. Increased production of contractile proteins and organelles.
Hyperplasia - Answers-Increase in # of cells, prostate: epithelial and stromal hyperplasia, still has mitotic
ability.
Physiologic: cellular hyperplasia in lactating moms. Also seen in kidneys, endometrial hyperplasia from
estrogen, callus on hands or heels, polyps of the intestine.
Atrophy - Answers-decrease in cell size or #. Skeletal muscle due to disuse or denervation to decrease in
cell size in skeletal muscle cells. Cerebral atrophy.
Necrosis - Answers-Progressive membrane damage, and Ca++ influx, then chromatin clumping and
organelle swelling, then rupture of the nuclear, cytoplasmic, and organelle membranes.
Fibrinoid necrosis - Answers-Only in vessels, especially in arteries. Fibrin like strands in walls, H&E stain
shows fragments of smooth muscle. Shows immune complex vasculitis- endothelial damage by HTN.
Apoptosis - Answers-Programmed cell death.
Cell membrane remains intact and no release of enzymes
Exudate - Answers-an extravascular fluid that is high in protein concentrate and contains cellular debris
serous exudate - Answers-clear, few cells, inflammatory edema, protein rich
purulent exudate - Answers-pus, cloudy, PNMs and necrotic tissue. Access in liquefactive necrosis.
