Laboratory Manual
,Biology
Laboratory Manual
Thirteenth Edition
Darrell S. Vodopich
Baylor University
Randy Moore
University of Minnesota
,BIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2023 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 27 26 25 24 23 22
ISBN 978-1-265-13673-4
MHID 1-265-13673-4
Cover Image: ©Darrell S. Vodopich
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites..
mheducation.com/highered
, Contents
Preface v Exercise 16
Teaching and Learning Tools ix Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: DNA Isolation and Genetic
Transformation 175
Welcome to the Biology Laboratory xii
Exercise 1 Exercise 17
Genetics: The Principles of Mendel 183
Scientific Method: The Process of Science 1
Exercise 2 Exercise 18
Evolution: Natural Selection and Morphological Change in
Measurements in Biology: The Metric System and Data Analysis 11
Green Algae 199
Exercise 3
The Microscope: Basic Skills of Light Microscopy 21
Exercise 19
Human Evolution: Skull Examination 211
Exercise 4
The Cell: Structure and Function 33
Exercise 20
Ecology: Diversity and Interaction in Plant Communities 223
Exercise 5
Solutions, Acids, and Bases: The pH Scale 51
Exercise 21
Community Succession 233
Exercise 6
Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and
Exercise 22
Nucleic Acids 59 Population Growth: Limitations of the Environment 241
Exercise 7 Exercise 23
Pollution: The Effects of Chemical, Thermal, and Acidic Pollution 249
Separating Organic Compounds: Column Chromatography, Paper
Chromatography, and Gel Electrophoresis 73
Exercise 24
Survey of Prokaryotes: Domains Archaea and Bacteria 259
Exercise 8
Spectrophotometry: Identifying Solutes and Determining Their
Concentration 83 Exercise 25
Survey of Protists: Algal Autotrophs 275
Exercise 9
Diffusion and Osmosis: Passive Movement of Molecules in Biological Exercise 26
Systems 95 Survey of Protists: Protozoan Heterotrophs 289
Exercise 10 Exercise 27
Cellular Membranes: Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress 109 Survey of the Kingdom Fungi: Molds, Sac Fungi, Mushrooms, and
Lichens 299
Exercise 11
Enzymes: Factors Affecting the Rate of Activity 117 Exercise 28
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts of
Phyla Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta 315
Exercise 12
Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic
Molecules 129 Exercise 29
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Seedless Vascular Plants of Phyla
Pterophyta and Lycophyta 325
Exercise 13
Photosynthesis: Pigment Separation, Starch Production, and CO2
Uptake 141 Exercise 30
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms of Phyla Cycadophyta,
Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta 337
Exercise 14
Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells 153
Exercise 31
Exercise 15 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms 347
Meiosis: Reduction Division and Gametogenesis 163
TOC–1 iii
,Biology
Laboratory Manual
Thirteenth Edition
Darrell S. Vodopich
Baylor University
Randy Moore
University of Minnesota
,BIOLOGY LABORATORY MANUAL
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2023 by
McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LMN 27 26 25 24 23 22
ISBN 978-1-265-13673-4
MHID 1-265-13673-4
Cover Image: ©Darrell S. Vodopich
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill LLC does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites..
mheducation.com/highered
, Contents
Preface v Exercise 16
Teaching and Learning Tools ix Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: DNA Isolation and Genetic
Transformation 175
Welcome to the Biology Laboratory xii
Exercise 1 Exercise 17
Genetics: The Principles of Mendel 183
Scientific Method: The Process of Science 1
Exercise 2 Exercise 18
Evolution: Natural Selection and Morphological Change in
Measurements in Biology: The Metric System and Data Analysis 11
Green Algae 199
Exercise 3
The Microscope: Basic Skills of Light Microscopy 21
Exercise 19
Human Evolution: Skull Examination 211
Exercise 4
The Cell: Structure and Function 33
Exercise 20
Ecology: Diversity and Interaction in Plant Communities 223
Exercise 5
Solutions, Acids, and Bases: The pH Scale 51
Exercise 21
Community Succession 233
Exercise 6
Biologically Important Molecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and
Exercise 22
Nucleic Acids 59 Population Growth: Limitations of the Environment 241
Exercise 7 Exercise 23
Pollution: The Effects of Chemical, Thermal, and Acidic Pollution 249
Separating Organic Compounds: Column Chromatography, Paper
Chromatography, and Gel Electrophoresis 73
Exercise 24
Survey of Prokaryotes: Domains Archaea and Bacteria 259
Exercise 8
Spectrophotometry: Identifying Solutes and Determining Their
Concentration 83 Exercise 25
Survey of Protists: Algal Autotrophs 275
Exercise 9
Diffusion and Osmosis: Passive Movement of Molecules in Biological Exercise 26
Systems 95 Survey of Protists: Protozoan Heterotrophs 289
Exercise 10 Exercise 27
Cellular Membranes: Effects of Physical and Chemical Stress 109 Survey of the Kingdom Fungi: Molds, Sac Fungi, Mushrooms, and
Lichens 299
Exercise 11
Enzymes: Factors Affecting the Rate of Activity 117 Exercise 28
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Liverworts, Mosses, and Hornworts of
Phyla Hepatophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerophyta 315
Exercise 12
Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic Oxidation of Organic
Molecules 129 Exercise 29
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Seedless Vascular Plants of Phyla
Pterophyta and Lycophyta 325
Exercise 13
Photosynthesis: Pigment Separation, Starch Production, and CO2
Uptake 141 Exercise 30
Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Gymnosperms of Phyla Cycadophyta,
Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, and Gnetophyta 337
Exercise 14
Mitosis: Replication of Eukaryotic Cells 153
Exercise 31
Exercise 15 Survey of the Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms 347
Meiosis: Reduction Division and Gametogenesis 163
TOC–1 iii
