PATHO NURS 3309 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+
Major Components of the Cardiovascular System
Ans✓✓✓•Cardiovascular System:
-Heart (Essentially 2 Pumps—Rt heart and Lt heart)
•Pulmonary Circulation (Rt)
•Systemic circulation (Lt)
-Blood vessels
•(Arteries--->capillaries--->veins)
•Lymphatic System
-Drains interstitial fluid
-Interacts w/ Immune System
Structures of the heart Ans✓✓✓Based on function:
•Structures Directing circulation through heart
-Walls, chambers, valves, great vessels
•Structures Supporting Cardiac Metabolism
-Coronary Vessels: O2, nutrients, etc
•Structures Controlling Heart Action
-Electrical conduction and response
•Remember: Heart is a forward flowing pump
,Heart Wall—3 Layers:
•Epicardium
•Myocardium
•Endocardium (Endocrine activity)
Pericardial Sac--2 layers
•Visceral
•Parietal
•Pericardial Fluid—(~ 20 ml)
Lubricates/prevents friction
3 Main Functions of Pericardial Sac:
•Prevent displacement of heart
•Physical Barrier (infection/inflammation)
•Pain and Mechanoreceptors
Reflex changes in HR and BP
Function of cardiac system Ans✓✓✓transport, protection, regulation
pulmonary circulation Ans✓✓✓driven by the right side of the heart; its
function is to deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation
,low-pressure
systemic circulation Ans✓✓✓driven by the left side of the heart and
functions to provide oxygenated blood, nutrients and other key
substances to body tissues and transport waste products to the lungs,
kidneys, and liver for excretion.
forward flowing pump Ans✓✓✓Blood only flows one direction
1. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and
pumps it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
2. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through
the pulmonary valve.
3.The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps
it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
4.The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic
valve out to the rest of the body.
Cardiac Cycle Ans✓✓✓"Cycle" =one contraction & one relaxation
phase
•Systole: Contraction phase-Moves blood out of the ventricles
, •Diastole: Relaxation phase-Blood fills ventricles
Conduction System Components Ans✓✓✓•Cardiac Cells (Myocardial
cells)
-Automaticity --certain cells—"Pacemaker cells"
•Able to generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
-Rhythmicity—ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-
100/min)
-Conductivity—ability to rapidly transmit electrical impulses from one
cell to another
•Intercalated disks
-High numbers of mitochondria (ATP source)
-Access ions from environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction: Innervation Ans✓✓✓Autonomic Nervous System
affects:
-Rate of impulse (HR)
-Depolarization and repolarization
-Strength of contraction
•Sympathetic—(Increased Ca++ influx)
-Increases rate/strength contraction (Norepinephrine)
-Dilate coronary arteries
•Parasympathetic (vagal)
DETAILED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY
GRADED A+
Major Components of the Cardiovascular System
Ans✓✓✓•Cardiovascular System:
-Heart (Essentially 2 Pumps—Rt heart and Lt heart)
•Pulmonary Circulation (Rt)
•Systemic circulation (Lt)
-Blood vessels
•(Arteries--->capillaries--->veins)
•Lymphatic System
-Drains interstitial fluid
-Interacts w/ Immune System
Structures of the heart Ans✓✓✓Based on function:
•Structures Directing circulation through heart
-Walls, chambers, valves, great vessels
•Structures Supporting Cardiac Metabolism
-Coronary Vessels: O2, nutrients, etc
•Structures Controlling Heart Action
-Electrical conduction and response
•Remember: Heart is a forward flowing pump
,Heart Wall—3 Layers:
•Epicardium
•Myocardium
•Endocardium (Endocrine activity)
Pericardial Sac--2 layers
•Visceral
•Parietal
•Pericardial Fluid—(~ 20 ml)
Lubricates/prevents friction
3 Main Functions of Pericardial Sac:
•Prevent displacement of heart
•Physical Barrier (infection/inflammation)
•Pain and Mechanoreceptors
Reflex changes in HR and BP
Function of cardiac system Ans✓✓✓transport, protection, regulation
pulmonary circulation Ans✓✓✓driven by the right side of the heart; its
function is to deliver blood to the lungs for oxygenation
,low-pressure
systemic circulation Ans✓✓✓driven by the left side of the heart and
functions to provide oxygenated blood, nutrients and other key
substances to body tissues and transport waste products to the lungs,
kidneys, and liver for excretion.
forward flowing pump Ans✓✓✓Blood only flows one direction
1. The right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and
pumps it to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.
2. The right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs through
the pulmonary valve.
3.The left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps
it to the left ventricle through the mitral valve.
4.The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic
valve out to the rest of the body.
Cardiac Cycle Ans✓✓✓"Cycle" =one contraction & one relaxation
phase
•Systole: Contraction phase-Moves blood out of the ventricles
, •Diastole: Relaxation phase-Blood fills ventricles
Conduction System Components Ans✓✓✓•Cardiac Cells (Myocardial
cells)
-Automaticity --certain cells—"Pacemaker cells"
•Able to generate an impulse with NO outside stimulus
-Rhythmicity—ability to regularly generate an action potential (60-
100/min)
-Conductivity—ability to rapidly transmit electrical impulses from one
cell to another
•Intercalated disks
-High numbers of mitochondria (ATP source)
-Access ions from environment (Na+ and K+)
Cardiac Conduction: Innervation Ans✓✓✓Autonomic Nervous System
affects:
-Rate of impulse (HR)
-Depolarization and repolarization
-Strength of contraction
•Sympathetic—(Increased Ca++ influx)
-Increases rate/strength contraction (Norepinephrine)
-Dilate coronary arteries
•Parasympathetic (vagal)
