UCLA PSYCH 10 – Introduction to Psychology (Final Exam Study Guide Questions and A+ Graded Answers, Professor Paquette-Smith, 2025/2026) – Complete Review Material

UCLA PSYCH 10 – Introduction to Psychology (Final Exam Study Guide Questions and A+ Graded Answers, Professor Paquette-Smith, 2025/2026) – Complete Review Material scapegoat theory - ANSWER -proses that when things go wrong, we find someone else to blame to outlet our anger biological influence - ANSWER -genetic influences - Y chromosome genetic marker neural influences - facilitate or inhibit aggression when provoked biochemical influences - testosterone linked with irritability frustration-aggression principle - ANSWER -frustrations creates anger, which sparks aggression anger triggers - ANSWER -hot temperature, physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, cigarette smoke, crowding, and host of others role of media in aggression - ANSWER -media portrayals of violence provide social scripts for children to follow, viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression toward women, playing violent games can increase aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in some children psychology of attraction - ANSWER -proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity of attitudes and interests passionate love - ANSWER -two-factor theory of emotion - emotions have two ingredients -- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal. arousal from any source can enhance an emotion, depending on how we interpret and label arousal sexual desire + growing attachment = passion of romantic love companionate love - ANSWER -passionate love does not endures, passion-fed hormones (testosterone) gives way to oxytocin, attraction and sexual desire endure without obsession of early-stage, equity is important to satisfying and enduring relationship, self-disclosure deepens intimacy altruism - ANSWER -unselfish concern for the welfare of others bystander effect - ANSWER -less likely to give help when bystanders are around social norms of helping - ANSWER -positive social norms encourage generosity and enable group living socialization norm - social expectation that prescribes how we should behave reciprocity norm - expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits social-responsibility norm - expectation that people should help those who depend on them emotions - ANSWER -adaptive responses that support survival components of emotions - ANSWER -bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experiences James-Lange theory - ANSWER -experience of emotion involves awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousal stimuli Cannon-Bard theory - ANSWER -arousal and emotion happen at the same time emotion - arousal simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion human body responses run parallel to the cognitive responses rather than causing them Schacter and Singer two-factor theory - ANSWER -arousal + label = emotion arousal fuels emotions; cognition channels it emotional experience requires a conscious interpretation of arousal Zajonc and LeDoux / emotional response and cognition - ANSWER -emotion and two-track brain spillover effect - ANSWER -arousal from one event spills over to another event Zajonc emotional response - ANSWER -sometimes emotional response takes neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex and goes directly to amygdala Lasarus emotional response - ANSWER -brain processes much information without conscious awareness, but mental functioning still takes place emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous brain pathway of emotion - ANSWER -two-track theory: (1) some input travels to the cortex via the thalamus for analysis and is then sent to the amygdala. (2) other input travels down directly to the amygdala via the thalamus for an instant emotional reaction autonomic nervous system - ANSWER -sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions fight or flight response - ANSWER -automatically mobilizes the body for action parasympathetic nervous system - ANSWER -calming: pupils contract, salvation increases, skin dries, respiration decreases, heart slows, digestion activates, adrenal glands decrease secretion of stress hormones, immune-system functioning enhanced OCD - ANSWER -obsessions are the thoughts, compulsions are the behaviors sympathetic nervous system - ANSWER -arousing: pupils dilate, salvation decreases, skin perspires, respiration increases, heart accelerates, digestion inhibits, adrenal glands secrete stress hormones, immune system functioning reduced Western principles for detecting emotions in others - ANSWER -firm handshake: outgoing, expressive personality