NURS 5433 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT
What is vasomotor rhinitis? - ANSWER -A non-allergic type of rhinitis caused by
physiological changes in temperature and humidity, leading to nasal inflammation.
What are the signs of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS)? - ANSWER -Facial
pain and purulent nasal discharge lasting more than 10 days.
What is the treatment for bacterial sinusitis? - ANSWER -Augmentin if bacterial
infection is confirmed.
What is epistaxis and how is it classified? - ANSWER -Nosebleed classified as
anterior (Kiesselbach's plexus) or posterior (emergency).
What are the treatments for epistaxis? - ANSWER -Direct pressure and nasal
packing.
What are aphthous ulcers and their causes? - ANSWER -Painful, small yellow
lesions with a red border in the mouth caused by stress, injury, or vitamin
deficiencies.
What is the treatment for aphthous ulcers? - ANSWER -OTC gel simethicone and
topical steroids (triamcinolone).
What is herpes labialis and its symptoms? - ANSWER -Cold sores caused by
HSV-1, with symptoms including fever and sore throat during the first outbreak.
What is the treatment for herpes labialis? - ANSWER -Acyclovir or valacyclovir if
taken within 2 days of outbreak.
,What is cheilosis and its causes? - ANSWER -Inflammation at the corners of the
mouth caused by nutritional deficiencies, excessive moisture, or diabetes.
What is thrush and its causative agent? - ANSWER -Oral candidiasis caused by
Candida albicans.
What is leukoplakia and its implications? - ANSWER -White patches in the mouth
that are pre-malignant, often caused by tobacco or chronic irritation.
What are the risk factors for oral cancer? - ANSWER -Tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, and HPV infection.
What is the pathophysiology of pharyngitis? - ANSWER -Typically caused by
beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.
What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis? - ANSWER -Penicillin V K or
Amoxicillin for 10 days; alternatives for those with penicillin allergy.
What is the stepwise approach for managing asthma? - ANSWER -Adjust
medications based on symptom control, stepping up if uncontrolled for 2-3 months,
and stepping down if well-controlled for 3 months.
What are the asthma action plan zones? - ANSWER -Green Zone: Good control;
Yellow Zone: Caution; Red Zone: Medical emergency.
How do asthma and COPD differ? - ANSWER -Asthma has variable airflow
obstruction and is often seen in children, while COPD progresses slowly and is
associated with a history of smoking.
What is the pathophysiology of COPD? - ANSWER -Persistent respiratory
symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities.
What is the GOLD initiative? - ANSWER -Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease, providing guidelines for COPD management based on
FEV1.
, What FEV1/FVC ratio indicates COPD? - ANSWER -An FEV1/FVC ratio of less
than 0.7.
What are the common symptoms of dyspnea in COPD? - ANSWER -Overtime
worsening with exercise, recurrent wheeze, chronic cough (intermittent,
unproductive).
What physical exam findings are associated with COPD? - ANSWER -Barrel
chest, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, clubbing, pursed-lip breathing,
accessory muscle use, decreased breath sounds, wheezing/crackles, prolonged
expiratory phase.
What are the primary diagnostic tools for COPD? - ANSWER -Spirometry, CT
scan, MRC Dyspnea scale, CAT assessment, ABE assessment tool.
What antibiotics are used to reduce exacerbations in COPD? - ANSWER -
Azithromycin and erythromycin.
What is the recommended treatment regimen for COPD when ICS is needed? -
ANSWER -LABA + LAMA + ICS.
What are the indications for initiating ICS in COPD patients? - ANSWER -History
of hospitalizations from exacerbations, ≥ moderate exacerbations per year, blood
eosinophils ≥ 300 cells/µL, history/current asthma.
What are the contraindications for initiating ICS in COPD patients? - ANSWER -
Repeated pneumonia, blood eosinophils < 100 cells/µL, history of mycobacterial
infection.
What vaccines are recommended for COPD patients? - ANSWER -Influenza
vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, PCV20 or PCV15 followed by PPSV23, dTap/dTPa,
Zoster vaccine.
, What non-pharmacological treatments are recommended for COPD? - ANSWER -
Pulmonary rehab, smoking cessation, education and self-management, nutritional
support, physical activity, oxygen therapy for severe chronic resting arterial
hypoxemia, ventilatory support for daytime hypercapnia.
What is the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation and
obstruction of small airways, necrosis and lysis of epithelial cells, leading to
airway narrowing and air trapping, primarily affecting infants and children.
What are the common symptoms of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Irritability, poor
feeding, fever, noisy breathing, cough, grunting, cyanosis, apnea, vomiting,
tachypnea, retractions, rhinorrhea, wheezing, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis.
What are the most common causative organisms of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -
RSV, Rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae.
What is the primary treatment for bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Palivizumab for
prevention, nebulized hypertonic saline, antivirals like Ribavirin for specific cases,
supportive care, and oxygen therapy.
What is the pathophysiology of bronchitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation of the
trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles usually due to a viral respiratory tract infection.
What are the symptoms of bronchitis? - ANSWER -Acute cough lasting up to 3
weeks, dyspnea, wheeze, fatigue, fever, tachypnea, rhonchi.
What are the pharmacological treatments for bronchitis? - ANSWER -
Antipyretics, decongestants, cough suppressants like benzonatate, inhaled beta-
agonists with high-dose ICS, antivirals, and antibiotics if a bacterial cause is
identified.
What are the causes of chronic cough lasting longer than 8 weeks? - ANSWER -
Asthma, COPD, tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, pertussis, smoking,
environmental irritants, allergic rhinitis.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT
What is vasomotor rhinitis? - ANSWER -A non-allergic type of rhinitis caused by
physiological changes in temperature and humidity, leading to nasal inflammation.
What are the signs of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS)? - ANSWER -Facial
pain and purulent nasal discharge lasting more than 10 days.
What is the treatment for bacterial sinusitis? - ANSWER -Augmentin if bacterial
infection is confirmed.
What is epistaxis and how is it classified? - ANSWER -Nosebleed classified as
anterior (Kiesselbach's plexus) or posterior (emergency).
What are the treatments for epistaxis? - ANSWER -Direct pressure and nasal
packing.
What are aphthous ulcers and their causes? - ANSWER -Painful, small yellow
lesions with a red border in the mouth caused by stress, injury, or vitamin
deficiencies.
What is the treatment for aphthous ulcers? - ANSWER -OTC gel simethicone and
topical steroids (triamcinolone).
What is herpes labialis and its symptoms? - ANSWER -Cold sores caused by
HSV-1, with symptoms including fever and sore throat during the first outbreak.
What is the treatment for herpes labialis? - ANSWER -Acyclovir or valacyclovir if
taken within 2 days of outbreak.
,What is cheilosis and its causes? - ANSWER -Inflammation at the corners of the
mouth caused by nutritional deficiencies, excessive moisture, or diabetes.
What is thrush and its causative agent? - ANSWER -Oral candidiasis caused by
Candida albicans.
What is leukoplakia and its implications? - ANSWER -White patches in the mouth
that are pre-malignant, often caused by tobacco or chronic irritation.
What are the risk factors for oral cancer? - ANSWER -Tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, and HPV infection.
What is the pathophysiology of pharyngitis? - ANSWER -Typically caused by
beta-hemolytic Streptococcus.
What is the treatment for bacterial pharyngitis? - ANSWER -Penicillin V K or
Amoxicillin for 10 days; alternatives for those with penicillin allergy.
What is the stepwise approach for managing asthma? - ANSWER -Adjust
medications based on symptom control, stepping up if uncontrolled for 2-3 months,
and stepping down if well-controlled for 3 months.
What are the asthma action plan zones? - ANSWER -Green Zone: Good control;
Yellow Zone: Caution; Red Zone: Medical emergency.
How do asthma and COPD differ? - ANSWER -Asthma has variable airflow
obstruction and is often seen in children, while COPD progresses slowly and is
associated with a history of smoking.
What is the pathophysiology of COPD? - ANSWER -Persistent respiratory
symptoms and airflow limitation due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities.
What is the GOLD initiative? - ANSWER -Global Initiative for Chronic
Obstructive Lung Disease, providing guidelines for COPD management based on
FEV1.
, What FEV1/FVC ratio indicates COPD? - ANSWER -An FEV1/FVC ratio of less
than 0.7.
What are the common symptoms of dyspnea in COPD? - ANSWER -Overtime
worsening with exercise, recurrent wheeze, chronic cough (intermittent,
unproductive).
What physical exam findings are associated with COPD? - ANSWER -Barrel
chest, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, clubbing, pursed-lip breathing,
accessory muscle use, decreased breath sounds, wheezing/crackles, prolonged
expiratory phase.
What are the primary diagnostic tools for COPD? - ANSWER -Spirometry, CT
scan, MRC Dyspnea scale, CAT assessment, ABE assessment tool.
What antibiotics are used to reduce exacerbations in COPD? - ANSWER -
Azithromycin and erythromycin.
What is the recommended treatment regimen for COPD when ICS is needed? -
ANSWER -LABA + LAMA + ICS.
What are the indications for initiating ICS in COPD patients? - ANSWER -History
of hospitalizations from exacerbations, ≥ moderate exacerbations per year, blood
eosinophils ≥ 300 cells/µL, history/current asthma.
What are the contraindications for initiating ICS in COPD patients? - ANSWER -
Repeated pneumonia, blood eosinophils < 100 cells/µL, history of mycobacterial
infection.
What vaccines are recommended for COPD patients? - ANSWER -Influenza
vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine, PCV20 or PCV15 followed by PPSV23, dTap/dTPa,
Zoster vaccine.
, What non-pharmacological treatments are recommended for COPD? - ANSWER -
Pulmonary rehab, smoking cessation, education and self-management, nutritional
support, physical activity, oxygen therapy for severe chronic resting arterial
hypoxemia, ventilatory support for daytime hypercapnia.
What is the pathophysiology of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation and
obstruction of small airways, necrosis and lysis of epithelial cells, leading to
airway narrowing and air trapping, primarily affecting infants and children.
What are the common symptoms of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Irritability, poor
feeding, fever, noisy breathing, cough, grunting, cyanosis, apnea, vomiting,
tachypnea, retractions, rhinorrhea, wheezing, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, otitis.
What are the most common causative organisms of bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -
RSV, Rhinovirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
pneumoniae.
What is the primary treatment for bronchiolitis? - ANSWER -Palivizumab for
prevention, nebulized hypertonic saline, antivirals like Ribavirin for specific cases,
supportive care, and oxygen therapy.
What is the pathophysiology of bronchitis? - ANSWER -Inflammation of the
trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles usually due to a viral respiratory tract infection.
What are the symptoms of bronchitis? - ANSWER -Acute cough lasting up to 3
weeks, dyspnea, wheeze, fatigue, fever, tachypnea, rhonchi.
What are the pharmacological treatments for bronchitis? - ANSWER -
Antipyretics, decongestants, cough suppressants like benzonatate, inhaled beta-
agonists with high-dose ICS, antivirals, and antibiotics if a bacterial cause is
identified.
What are the causes of chronic cough lasting longer than 8 weeks? - ANSWER -
Asthma, COPD, tuberculosis, lung cancer, bronchiectasis, pertussis, smoking,
environmental irritants, allergic rhinitis.
