PSYCHOLOGY MODULE EXAMS 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Mrs. Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling
session for single young adults. Karen, a lonely young professional
woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other
group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs.
Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity.
What would operant learning theory predict about Karen's behavior
in the next group session? Answer: Karen will speak openly because
she has previously received attention and support.
◉ Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is
depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the
imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-
smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture
of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would
someone using a multidimensional perspective be most likely to
offer for Keisha's problems difficulties? Answer:
◉ Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit
"incrementalist" belief about intelligence? Answer: A counselor who
recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is
experiencing academic problems.
,◉ Models of development based on the assumption that change
occurs as a continuous process are called Answer: incremental
models.
◉ Helping professionals are encouraged to integrate their
knowledge of theories and empirical data with their own beliefs,
experiences, and assumptions. This model or concept is called
Answer: reflective practice.
◉ Stage theories of development typically describe ____________
changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. Answer:
qualitative
◉ The idea that children's development is affected by biological
factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the
environment and experience, is part of Answer: multidimensional
systems theories
◉ According to life span developmental theory, which of the
following individuals has the greatest need for resources supplied by
their culture in order to maintain a high level of functioning?
Answer: A retired individual
◉ Vygotsky and Luria believed that egocentric or private speech was
the precursor to what? Answer: Self-regulation
,◉ Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently
construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they
learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to
each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called
Answer: mediated learning.
◉ One important lesson helping professionals can take from Piaget's
and Vygotsky's work is that Answer: understanding how young
clients think can help in structuring interventions that build
effectively on existing knowledge and meanings.
◉ According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what did
he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool
years, beginning around the age of 2? Answer: Preoperational
◉ Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary
critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support?
Answer: Infants frequently have the ability to mentally represent
objects at birth.
◉ Among our contemporary ideas about children's development,
which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian
theory? Answer: Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture.
, ◉ Developmentalists study what infants and children understand
about other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on.
This field of study is referred to as Answer: theory of mind.
◉ Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud
to self) played an important role in cognitive development by
Answer: helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor
to self-regulation.
◉ Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a
child's zone of proximal development? Answer: Cindy explains to
her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the
information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her
homework.
◉ When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but
succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is
working in his or her Answer: zone of proximal development.
◉ Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-
week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith
wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when
Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his
daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to
insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby
brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers' cognitive
development, what would you tell Sam? Answer: Daria is probably
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ Mrs. Washington is conducting her weekly group counseling
session for single young adults. Karen, a lonely young professional
woman, talks about feeling abandoned by her boyfriend. The other
group members listen patiently and respond empathically. Mrs.
Washington reflects Karen's feeling with concern and sensitivity.
What would operant learning theory predict about Karen's behavior
in the next group session? Answer: Karen will speak openly because
she has previously received attention and support.
◉ Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is
depressed. Her presenting concerns include marital distress, the
imminent possibility of losing her job, overeating, and chain-
smoking. As you listen to her story, you begin to construct a picture
of her developmental history. Which of these explanations would
someone using a multidimensional perspective be most likely to
offer for Keisha's problems difficulties? Answer:
◉ Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit
"incrementalist" belief about intelligence? Answer: A counselor who
recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is
experiencing academic problems.
,◉ Models of development based on the assumption that change
occurs as a continuous process are called Answer: incremental
models.
◉ Helping professionals are encouraged to integrate their
knowledge of theories and empirical data with their own beliefs,
experiences, and assumptions. This model or concept is called
Answer: reflective practice.
◉ Stage theories of development typically describe ____________
changes in behavior, cognition, or social relationships. Answer:
qualitative
◉ The idea that children's development is affected by biological
factors, and that biological factors are also affected by the
environment and experience, is part of Answer: multidimensional
systems theories
◉ According to life span developmental theory, which of the
following individuals has the greatest need for resources supplied by
their culture in order to maintain a high level of functioning?
Answer: A retired individual
◉ Vygotsky and Luria believed that egocentric or private speech was
the precursor to what? Answer: Self-regulation
,◉ Vygotsky pointed out that children do not independently
construct a definition for each a word they learn, but rather they
learn the meanings that the surrounding culture has ascribed to
each word. This central concept in Vygotsky's theory is called
Answer: mediated learning.
◉ One important lesson helping professionals can take from Piaget's
and Vygotsky's work is that Answer: understanding how young
clients think can help in structuring interventions that build
effectively on existing knowledge and meanings.
◉ According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what did
he call the stage children typically experience during the preschool
years, beginning around the age of 2? Answer: Preoperational
◉ Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary
critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support?
Answer: Infants frequently have the ability to mentally represent
objects at birth.
◉ Among our contemporary ideas about children's development,
which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian
theory? Answer: Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture.
, ◉ Developmentalists study what infants and children understand
about other people's intentions, desires, beliefs, feelings, and so on.
This field of study is referred to as Answer: theory of mind.
◉ Vygotsky believed that egocentric or private speech (talking aloud
to self) played an important role in cognitive development by
Answer: helping organize young children's thinking, as a precursor
to self-regulation.
◉ Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a
child's zone of proximal development? Answer: Cindy explains to
her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the
information in a new way. Her younger sister can then complete her
homework.
◉ When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone, but
succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task, the child is
working in his or her Answer: zone of proximal development.
◉ Sam is at home with his two children, 3-year-old Daria and 6-
week-old Keith. Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith
wakes up and screams for his bottle. Daria gets very upset when
Sam leaves her to tend to the baby. Sam tries to explain to his
daughter that her baby brother can't wait, but Daria continues to
insist. Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby
brother. Based on your understanding of preschoolers' cognitive
development, what would you tell Sam? Answer: Daria is probably
