NURS 307 Final
define family studies - Answers-•analyze the occurrence of a disorder in first
degree relatives (biologic parents, siblings,
children)
define twin studies - Answers-•analyze the presence or absence of the disorder in pairs of twins
(identical,
fraternal)
define concordance rate - Answers-similarity of occurrence
in individuals with similar genetic make-up
define adoption studies - Answers-•compare the risk of illnesses
developing in children raised in different environments
define neuroplasticity - Answers-how function can be restored over time after brain damage occurs or
how individual may react over time to psychotherapy of continuous pharmacotherapy regimen
define plasticity - Answers-the ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to
internal and external pressures
- nerve signals may be rerouted
- nerve tissues may be regenerated
describe structural neuroimaging - Answers-•Allows for visualization of the brain
,Ex: CT, MRI
what are the common side effects caused by blocking muscarinic receptors? - Answers-•Dry mouth,
blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia (anticholinergic)
describe dopamine - Answers-•Excitatory Neurotransmitter
•Involved in cognitive, motor & neuroendocrine functions
•Abnormal dopaminergic activity associated with schizophrenia
•Dopamine is also the neurotransmitter that stimulated the body's natural feel reward pathways
producing pleasure and euphoric sensation under certain conditions
•(Judgement, reasoning insight)
describe norepinephrine - Answers-•Widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system
•Excitatory neurotransmitters play a major role in mood states.
•Decreased NE associated with depression; increased NE associated with mania
describe serotonin - Answers-•Involved in regulation of emotion, cognition, sensory perceptions, sleep,
and appetite.
•Involved in control of food intake, hormone secretion, sexual behaviour, thermoregulation, and
cardiovascular regulation.
describe histamine - Answers-•Recently identified as a neurotransmitter.
•Blocking produces side effects, such as sedation, weight gain, and hypotension.
what are the most prevalent neurotransmitters? - Answers-amino acids
T/F virtually all neurons in the CNS are activated by excitatory and inhibitory amino acids - Answers-true
,what was the first MAO-i? - Answers-iproniazid
what are the four sites of action for meds? - Answers--Receptors
-Ion channels
-Enzymes
-Carrier proteins
describe benzodiazepines - Answers-•Benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics,
anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants
•diazepam (Valium); lorazepam (Ativan); triazolam (Halcion)
define potency - Answers-•Dose required to produce the desired biologic response
define efficacy - Answers-•Ability of a drug to produce a desired response
define toxicity - Answers-•refers to the point at which concentrations of the drug in the bloodstream
become harmful or poisonous to the body.
define high therapeutic index - Answers--there is a wide range between dose at which the drug begins
to take effect and dose that would be considered toxic.
define pharmacokinetics - Answers-•How a drug moves throughout the body to get to its target
receptors and then is eliminated.
define bioavailability - Answers-•Amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged
•Often used to compare one drug to another—usually the higher the bioavailability, the better
, which metabolic enzyme is most responsible for drug metabolism? - Answers-Cytochrome P-450
where is most metabolism carried out? - Answers-liver
T/F psychiatric drugs must pass through the blood-brain barrier - Answers-true
what factors affect distribution of a drug? - Answers--Amount of blood flow or perfusion within the
tissue how lipophilic ("fat-loving") the drug is; plasma protein binding; and anatomic barriers, such as
the blood-brain barrier, that the drug must cross
define half life - Answers-•refers to the time required for plasma concentrations of the drug to be
reduced by 50%.
describe SSRIs - Answers-- class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of
major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders
- believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its re-uptake
into the presynaptic cell
what are the phases of drug treatment? - Answers-initiation, stabilization, maintenance and
discontinuation
•The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged is known as the
drug's__________________. - Answers-•Bioavailability
define positive symptoms - Answers-•Excess distortion of normal function
-Hallucination (mostly auditory)
-Delusions (disordered thoughts or speech)
define family studies - Answers-•analyze the occurrence of a disorder in first
degree relatives (biologic parents, siblings,
children)
define twin studies - Answers-•analyze the presence or absence of the disorder in pairs of twins
(identical,
fraternal)
define concordance rate - Answers-similarity of occurrence
in individuals with similar genetic make-up
define adoption studies - Answers-•compare the risk of illnesses
developing in children raised in different environments
define neuroplasticity - Answers-how function can be restored over time after brain damage occurs or
how individual may react over time to psychotherapy of continuous pharmacotherapy regimen
define plasticity - Answers-the ability of the brain to change its structure and function in response to
internal and external pressures
- nerve signals may be rerouted
- nerve tissues may be regenerated
describe structural neuroimaging - Answers-•Allows for visualization of the brain
,Ex: CT, MRI
what are the common side effects caused by blocking muscarinic receptors? - Answers-•Dry mouth,
blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, and tachycardia (anticholinergic)
describe dopamine - Answers-•Excitatory Neurotransmitter
•Involved in cognitive, motor & neuroendocrine functions
•Abnormal dopaminergic activity associated with schizophrenia
•Dopamine is also the neurotransmitter that stimulated the body's natural feel reward pathways
producing pleasure and euphoric sensation under certain conditions
•(Judgement, reasoning insight)
describe norepinephrine - Answers-•Widely distributed in the peripheral nervous system
•Excitatory neurotransmitters play a major role in mood states.
•Decreased NE associated with depression; increased NE associated with mania
describe serotonin - Answers-•Involved in regulation of emotion, cognition, sensory perceptions, sleep,
and appetite.
•Involved in control of food intake, hormone secretion, sexual behaviour, thermoregulation, and
cardiovascular regulation.
describe histamine - Answers-•Recently identified as a neurotransmitter.
•Blocking produces side effects, such as sedation, weight gain, and hypotension.
what are the most prevalent neurotransmitters? - Answers-amino acids
T/F virtually all neurons in the CNS are activated by excitatory and inhibitory amino acids - Answers-true
,what was the first MAO-i? - Answers-iproniazid
what are the four sites of action for meds? - Answers--Receptors
-Ion channels
-Enzymes
-Carrier proteins
describe benzodiazepines - Answers-•Benzodiazepines are used as sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics,
anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants
•diazepam (Valium); lorazepam (Ativan); triazolam (Halcion)
define potency - Answers-•Dose required to produce the desired biologic response
define efficacy - Answers-•Ability of a drug to produce a desired response
define toxicity - Answers-•refers to the point at which concentrations of the drug in the bloodstream
become harmful or poisonous to the body.
define high therapeutic index - Answers--there is a wide range between dose at which the drug begins
to take effect and dose that would be considered toxic.
define pharmacokinetics - Answers-•How a drug moves throughout the body to get to its target
receptors and then is eliminated.
define bioavailability - Answers-•Amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged
•Often used to compare one drug to another—usually the higher the bioavailability, the better
, which metabolic enzyme is most responsible for drug metabolism? - Answers-Cytochrome P-450
where is most metabolism carried out? - Answers-liver
T/F psychiatric drugs must pass through the blood-brain barrier - Answers-true
what factors affect distribution of a drug? - Answers--Amount of blood flow or perfusion within the
tissue how lipophilic ("fat-loving") the drug is; plasma protein binding; and anatomic barriers, such as
the blood-brain barrier, that the drug must cross
define half life - Answers-•refers to the time required for plasma concentrations of the drug to be
reduced by 50%.
describe SSRIs - Answers-- class of compounds typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of
major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders
- believed to increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin by inhibiting its re-uptake
into the presynaptic cell
what are the phases of drug treatment? - Answers-initiation, stabilization, maintenance and
discontinuation
•The amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged is known as the
drug's__________________. - Answers-•Bioavailability
define positive symptoms - Answers-•Excess distortion of normal function
-Hallucination (mostly auditory)
-Delusions (disordered thoughts or speech)
