ONS CHEMOTHERAPY
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE
EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
3 major phases of cell division: - ANS Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
3 steps of interphase: - ANS First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
4 phases of mitosis: - ANS Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Innate immunity: - ANS Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
Adaptive immunity: - ANS Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity,
including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses)
Define mutations - ANS Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
3 main goals of treatment: - ANS Cure
Control
Palliation
Define neoadjuvant therapy - ANS Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
Define adjuvant therapy - ANS Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment
to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
Define conditioning/preparative therapy - ANS Treatments used to prepare a patient for stem
cell transplantation
2 types of conditioning therapies: - ANS Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
Define dose density - ANS Drug dose per unit of time
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Define dose intensity - ANS Amount of drug delivered over time
How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - ANS By comparing the dose that the patient
ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
How do alkylating agents work? - ANS By causing a break in the DNA helix strand, interfering
with DNA replication and causing cell death
3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - ANS 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating agents as
they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - ANS Nitrogen mustards
Common alkylating agents: - ANS Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
Common platinum-based agents: - ANS Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - ANS Able to cross the blood-brain barrier; can
be effective in treating some brain tumors
Common nitrosoureas agents: - ANS Carmustine (BiCNU)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
IMMUNOTHERAPY CERTIFICATE
EXAM 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
3 major phases of cell division: - ANS Interphase
Mitotic phase
Cytokinesis
3 steps of interphase: - ANS First growth phase (G1)
Synthesis phase (S phase)
Second growth phase (G2)
4 phases of mitosis: - ANS Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Innate immunity: - ANS Non-specific response, either:
1. Barrier (skin, mucous membranes, flora of skin/gut)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,2. Cellular components (phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, macrophages)
Adaptive immunity: - ANS Follows innate immunity if unsuccessful. Memory immunity,
including:
1. Humoral immunity (production of antibodies or immunoglobulins)
2. Cell mediated immunity (dependent upon T cells)
3. Regulatory T -cells (prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses)
Define mutations - ANS Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
3 main goals of treatment: - ANS Cure
Control
Palliation
Define neoadjuvant therapy - ANS Treatment is given prior to surgery to shrink the tumor
Define adjuvant therapy - ANS Additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment
to lower the risk that the cancer reoccur
Define conditioning/preparative therapy - ANS Treatments used to prepare a patient for stem
cell transplantation
2 types of conditioning therapies: - ANS Myeloablative
Nonmyeloablative
Define dose density - ANS Drug dose per unit of time
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Define dose intensity - ANS Amount of drug delivered over time
How is relative dose intensity (RDI) calculated? - ANS By comparing the dose that the patient
ACTUALLY received to the planned dose of the standard regimen
How do alkylating agents work? - ANS By causing a break in the DNA helix strand, interfering
with DNA replication and causing cell death
3 subcategories of alkylating agents: - ANS 1. Nitrogen mustards
2. Platinum-based agents (do not possess an alkyl group but still termed alkylating agents as
they work similarly)
3. Nitrosoureas
Most common subcategory of alkylating agents: - ANS Nitrogen mustards
Common alkylating agents: - ANS Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan)
Ifosfamide (Ifex)
Bendamustine (Treanda)
Common platinum-based agents: - ANS Cisplatin (Platinol)
Carboplatin (Paraplatin)
What is unique about nitrosoureas agents? - ANS Able to cross the blood-brain barrier; can
be effective in treating some brain tumors
Common nitrosoureas agents: - ANS Carmustine (BiCNU)
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
