TEST BANK
All Chapters Included
T
E
S
, TABLE OFCONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended
Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes.
Exercise. Definitional Techniques
. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of
Presumption, Ambiguity, an d Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity,2and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagra
and the Modern Square o f Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditio
Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams a nd the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordina
Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the
Number of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6.PropositionalLogic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for
Arguments. Exercise. Indire ct Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of
Replacement II. Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise.
Conditional and Indirect Proof. E xercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping
Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
,Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods."Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's
Methods and Science. Exercise.
11.Probability.
Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The
Tentative Acceptance of Hypot heses. Exercise.
14. ScienceandSuperstition.
Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing
Science. Exercise. Answers to Selected Exercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments
from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for
each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today
are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less,
the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
ANSWER: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In2so doing it interferes with the
proteins that regulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in
children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to
anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and
recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to
Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANSWER: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
virtuous to choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a
particular situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all
communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge
wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical
Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
1
All Chapters Included
T
E
S
, TABLE OFCONTENTS
Part I: INFORMAL LOGIC.
1. Basic Concepts.
Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions. Exercise. Recognizing Arguments. Exercise. Deduction and Induction. Exercise
Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency. Exercise. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Extended
Arguments. Exercise.
2. Language: Meaning and Definition.
Varieties of Meaning. Exercise. The Intension and Extension of Terms. Exercise. Definitions and Their Purposes.
Exercise. Definitional Techniques
. Exercise. Criteria for Lexical Definitions. Exercise.
3. Informal Fallacies.
Fallacies in General. Exercise. Fallacies of Relevance. Exercise. Fallacies of Weak Induction. Exercise. Fallacies of
Presumption, Ambiguity, an d Illicit Transference. Exercise. Fallacies in Ordinary Language. Exercise.
Part II: FORMAL LOGIC.
4. Categorical Propositions.
The Components of Categorical Propositions. Exercise. Quality, Quantity,2and Distribution. Exercise. Venn Diagra
and the Modern Square o f Opposition. Exercise. Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition. Exercise. The Traditio
Square of Opposition. Exercise. Venn Diagrams a nd the Traditional Standpoint. Exercise. Translating Ordina
Language Statements into Categorical Form. Exercise.
5. Categorical Syllogisms.
Standard Form, Mood, and Figure. Exercise. Venn Diagrams. Exercise. Rules and Fallacies. Exercise. Reducing the
Number of Terms. Exercise. Ordinary Language Arguments. Exercise. Enthymemes. Exercise. Sorites. Exercise.
6.PropositionalLogic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Truth Functions. Exercise. Truth Tables for Propositions. Exercise. Truth Tables for
Arguments. Exercise. Indire ct Truth Tables. Exercise. Argument Forms and Fallacies. Exercise.
7. Natural Deduction in Propositional Logic.
Rules of Implication I. Exercise. Rules of Implication II. Exercise. Rules of Replacement I. Exercise. Rules of
Replacement II. Exercise. Conditional Proof. Exercise. Indirect Proof. Exercise. Proving Logical Truths. Exercise.
8. Predicate Logic.
Symbols and Translation. Exercise. Using the Rules of Inference. Exercise. Quantifier Negation Rule. Exercise.
Conditional and Indirect Proof. E xercise. Proving Invalidity. Exercise. Relational Predicates and Overlapping
Quantifiers. Exercise. Identity. Exercise.
,Part III: INDUCTIVE LOGIC.
9. Analogy and Legal and Moral Reasoning.
Analogical Reasoning. Legal Reasoning. Moral Reasoning. Exercise.
10. Causality and Mill's Methods."Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Mill's Five Methods. Mill's
Methods and Science. Exercise.
11.Probability.
Theories of Probability. The Probability Calculus. Exercise.
12. Statistical Reasoning.
Evaluating Statistics. Samples. The Meaning of "Average." Dispersion. Graphs and Pictograms. Percentages. Exercise.
13. Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning.
The Hypothetical Method. Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science. The Proof of Hypotheses. The
Tentative Acceptance of Hypot heses. Exercise.
14. ScienceandSuperstition.
Distinguishing Between Science and Superstition. Evidentiary Support. Objectivity. Integrity. Abusing
Science. Exercise. Answers to Selected Exercises.
, Chapter 1 Test A
MULTIPLE CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS: The following selections relate to distinguishing arguments
from nonarguments and identifying conclusions. Select the best answer for
each.
1. There appears to be a growing happiness gap between men and women. Women today
are working more and relaxing less, while men are working less and relaxing more.
Forty years ago a typical woman spent 40 minutes more per week than the typical
man performing an activity considered unpleasant. Today, with men working less,
the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
a. Argument; conclusion: Today ... the gap is 90 minutes and growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument; conclusion: Forty years ago ... an activity considered unpleasant.
d. Argument; conclusion: There appears to be ... between men and women.
e. Argument; conclusion: Women today are working more and relaxing less.
ANSWER: D PTS: 2
2. Lead is toxic, but do you know why? Lead is toxic mainly because it preferentially
replaces other metals in biochemical reactions. In2so doing it interferes with the
proteins that regulate blood pressure (which can cause development delays in
children and high blood pressure in adults), heme production (which can lead to
anemia), and sperm production. Lead also displaces calcium in the reactions that
transmit electrical impulses in the brain, which diminishes the ability to think and
recall information.
Anne Marie Helmstine, "Your Guide to
Chemistry"
a. Argument; conclusion: It interferes with the proteins ... and sperm production.
b. Argument; conclusion: Lead is toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument; conclusion: It preferentially replaces other metals in biochemical reactions.
e. Argument; conclusion: Lead also displaces calcium ... recall information.
ANSWER: C PTS: 2
3. Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself. He argued that it was
virtuous to choose the proper amount of emotion and/or action called for in a
particular situation and that extremes of emotion and action were vices. In all
communities there are some men of practical wisdom who have the capacity to judge
wisely. Aristotle argued that they have the capacity to follow the "right rule"
whatever the situation.
David Cooper, Value Pluralism and Ethical
Choice
a. Argument; conclusion: In all communities ... capacity to judge wisely.
b. Argument; conclusion: Aristotle focused on clarifying the concept of virtue itself.
1
