GMS 6401 Final Exam Questions and Answers
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
The kidney consists of specialized vascular and tubular
structures (the nephron) which collaborate in the
production of urine:— [Ans:] the glomerular capillary is
surrounded by an epithelial structure which forms the
beginning of the tubule
A diagnostic renal clearance experiment is conducted and
the following steady state (= equilibrium) measurements
are obtained on a 34 year old male subject, weighing 60
kg (assume that the renal plasma flow (RPF) is the same as
the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF)
Urine inulin = 200 mg/100mlPlasma inulin = 4
mg/100ml.Urine flow (V) = 2ml/minUrine PAH = 1200
mg/100mlPlasma PAH = 6 mg/100ml— [Ans:] GFR = 100
ml/min
200/4 x 2 ml/min = GFR = 100 ml/min
ERPF = 1200/6 x 2 ml/min = 400 ml/min
FF= GFR / ERPF = 100/400 = 0.25
Any substance which is freely filtered at the glomerulus,
is reabsorbed and is not secreted, will have a renal
clearance that is: choose one best answer.— [Ans:] less
than the clearance of inulin
,- a fractional clearance (ratio of clearances of substances
to inulin) < 1.0 indicates net tubular reabsorption of freely
filtered substances
An increased protein excretion (proteinuria) can indicate
glomeruluar damage. Which of the following changes are
likely to cause proteinuria? Choose 1 best answer:— [Ans:]
loss of nephrin from the epithelial slit pore diaphragm
- nephrin is an essential protein & mutations are
associated with heavy proteinuria
Maintenance of a high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is
required for optimal kidney function. Which of the
following options would be most likely to associate with a
below optimal GFR in man?— [Ans:] a low glomerular
capillary water permeability
A selective increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) due to
parallel relaxation of the afferent and efferent arterioles
leads to:— [Ans:] a rise in GFR with no change in filtration
fraction; parallel relaxation of afferent & efferent
arterioles allows flow to increase (due to fall in renal
vascular resistance) without a change in glomerular blood
pressure or filtration fraction
an increase in renal blood flow will lead to which of the
following changes within the kidney:— [Ans:] increased
total renal oxygen consumption but little change in the
renal venous oxygen content (arterial - venous difference)
, - more Na filtered so more to reabsorb so total renal
oxygen consumption will increase but because this is
matched by the increased RBF, the oxygen extraction (A-V
difference) across the kidney will stay about constant
in which tubule segment is there active sodium
reabsorption by the Na/K/2Cl (NKCC2) transporter but
never any water resabsorption?— [Ans:] thick ascending
limb of the loop of Henle
the release of renin from the kidney, into the circulation is
stimulated by— [Ans:] a fall in renal perfusion pressure is
one of the volume depletion signals that stimulate renin
release
an extracellular fluid volume expansion leads to— [Ans:]
increased right atrial pressure - signal to ANP release
a reduction in sodium excretion occurs when— [Ans:]
Septic shock occurs - when septic shock develops the
perceived fall in circulating blood volume leads to
excessive Na retention and therefore a fall in Na excretion
an increased in renal sympathetic nerve activity will lead
to which combination of changes:— [Ans:] increased renal
renin release and a fall in renal plasma flow
- alpha adrenergic fibers stimulate renal arterioles and
small arteries to vasoconstrict, lowering renal plasma
flow. beta adrenergic nerve fibers stimulate renin release
from the granular cells in afferent arteriole
(100% Correct Answers) Already Graded A+
The kidney consists of specialized vascular and tubular
structures (the nephron) which collaborate in the
production of urine:— [Ans:] the glomerular capillary is
surrounded by an epithelial structure which forms the
beginning of the tubule
A diagnostic renal clearance experiment is conducted and
the following steady state (= equilibrium) measurements
are obtained on a 34 year old male subject, weighing 60
kg (assume that the renal plasma flow (RPF) is the same as
the effective renal plasma flow (ERPF)
Urine inulin = 200 mg/100mlPlasma inulin = 4
mg/100ml.Urine flow (V) = 2ml/minUrine PAH = 1200
mg/100mlPlasma PAH = 6 mg/100ml— [Ans:] GFR = 100
ml/min
200/4 x 2 ml/min = GFR = 100 ml/min
ERPF = 1200/6 x 2 ml/min = 400 ml/min
FF= GFR / ERPF = 100/400 = 0.25
Any substance which is freely filtered at the glomerulus,
is reabsorbed and is not secreted, will have a renal
clearance that is: choose one best answer.— [Ans:] less
than the clearance of inulin
,- a fractional clearance (ratio of clearances of substances
to inulin) < 1.0 indicates net tubular reabsorption of freely
filtered substances
An increased protein excretion (proteinuria) can indicate
glomeruluar damage. Which of the following changes are
likely to cause proteinuria? Choose 1 best answer:— [Ans:]
loss of nephrin from the epithelial slit pore diaphragm
- nephrin is an essential protein & mutations are
associated with heavy proteinuria
Maintenance of a high glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is
required for optimal kidney function. Which of the
following options would be most likely to associate with a
below optimal GFR in man?— [Ans:] a low glomerular
capillary water permeability
A selective increase in renal plasma flow (RPF) due to
parallel relaxation of the afferent and efferent arterioles
leads to:— [Ans:] a rise in GFR with no change in filtration
fraction; parallel relaxation of afferent & efferent
arterioles allows flow to increase (due to fall in renal
vascular resistance) without a change in glomerular blood
pressure or filtration fraction
an increase in renal blood flow will lead to which of the
following changes within the kidney:— [Ans:] increased
total renal oxygen consumption but little change in the
renal venous oxygen content (arterial - venous difference)
, - more Na filtered so more to reabsorb so total renal
oxygen consumption will increase but because this is
matched by the increased RBF, the oxygen extraction (A-V
difference) across the kidney will stay about constant
in which tubule segment is there active sodium
reabsorption by the Na/K/2Cl (NKCC2) transporter but
never any water resabsorption?— [Ans:] thick ascending
limb of the loop of Henle
the release of renin from the kidney, into the circulation is
stimulated by— [Ans:] a fall in renal perfusion pressure is
one of the volume depletion signals that stimulate renin
release
an extracellular fluid volume expansion leads to— [Ans:]
increased right atrial pressure - signal to ANP release
a reduction in sodium excretion occurs when— [Ans:]
Septic shock occurs - when septic shock develops the
perceived fall in circulating blood volume leads to
excessive Na retention and therefore a fall in Na excretion
an increased in renal sympathetic nerve activity will lead
to which combination of changes:— [Ans:] increased renal
renin release and a fall in renal plasma flow
- alpha adrenergic fibers stimulate renal arterioles and
small arteries to vasoconstrict, lowering renal plasma
flow. beta adrenergic nerve fibers stimulate renin release
from the granular cells in afferent arteriole
