Exam 1 Questions And Correct Detailed Answers With Rationales.

What is legislative pest management? - correct answers plant quarantine What is agronomy? - correct answers the science and technology of producing plants for food, fuel, fiber, and land reclamation What is silviculture? - correct answers the cultivation, growth, and management of trees What is soil science? - correct answers science of the formation, nature, ecology, and classification of soils What are crop sciences? - correct answers Crop science focuses on the world's major food, feed, turf, and fiber crops in their environment. What is floriculture? - correct answers the cultivation of flowering plants What is horticulture? - correct answers the cultivation of plants for food, comfort, and beauty What is aboriculture? - correct answers the study of plant care and the removal of perennial woody plants (trees, shrubs, vines) What is turf management ? - correct answers production, marketing, and maintenance of landscape plants What is olericulture? - correct answers the production and marketing of vegetables What is pomology? - correct answers the production and marketing of fruits What is viticulture? - correct answers the production and marketing of grapes What is oenology? - correct answers the study of wine making and includes all aspects of wine and its' creation What is animal science? - correct answers the combination of disciplines that together comprise the study of domestic animals What is fishery science? - correct answers the academic discipline of managing and understanding fisheries What is permaculture? - correct answers the development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient What is rangeland ecology? - correct answers the study of the world's rangelands, which include grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands, and deserts that are grazed by domestic livestock or wild animals Compare conventional crop production to sustainable crop production practices. - correct answers Conventional agriculture has size ranges from small to large ranges, modern day machinery for efficiency, pesticides, fertilizer to maximize production mono-culture/every other year rotation Sustainable agriculture has some machinery to increase efficiency in larger production scenarios, but usually uses hand labor and small farms, pesticides and fertilizers are organic after natural methods have been exhausted, and enhances biodiversity, multiple crops, and ecologically based planning.. How has (and did) population growth affect and influence crop production and its' practices? Include the topics malnutrition, population growth, and available agricultural land. - correct answers As the population increased, food demand up, and available agricultural land diminishing, conventional agricultural practices could and would not sustain billions of people--and if it did, it would not be sustainable for long. People would still experience malnutrition and other adverse health affects because crop production cannot support billions of people. Sustainable agriculture intends to maintain the productivity of these resources indefinitely. What are some crop yield limiting factors? - correct answers Crop yield limiting factors include the growing season environments (precipitation, air temperature, light, and wind), and the skill of the producer to identify yield-reducing factors (planting date, seed quality, pests, harvest efficiency). What is Liebig's Law of the Minimum? - correct answersLiebig's Law of the Minimum states that yield is proportional to the amount of the most limiting nutrient, whichever nutrient it may be. From this, it may be inferred that if the deficient nutrient is supplied, yields may be improved to the point that some other nutrient is needed in greater quantity than the soil can provide, and the Law of the Minimum would apply in turn to that nutrient. What are the typical differences from wild forms of crops to the more recent modified versions? - correct answersCultivated plants have undergone extensive modifications from their wild prototypes as a result of the continuous efforts of people to improve them. Differences from wild form are generally what helps humans: Yield, quality, reduced shattering of seed. What are the top five commodities by value grown in Indiana? - correct answers1. corn 2. soybeans 3. hogs and pigs 4. poultry and eggs 5. diary List the ways that conventional agriculture has improved yields in productivity? - correct answers1. Collection of plant species and broadening of germplasm bases 2. Improved breeding techniques including the use of biotechnology 3. Crop physiology advances in understanding plant efficiency in utilization of light and nutrients 4. Interactions between plant breeders, geneticists, soil chemists, engineers, etc. are increasingly bringing together the best of many disciplines 5. Extension of areas of adaptation of previously restricted varieties 6. Improved disease and insect control with advances in chemical and biological methods 7. Improved protein quality factors such as high lysine corn 8. Improved medication and breeding principles in livestock 9. Reduced production costs of nitrogen fertilizer 10. Improved winter hardiness of varieties to extend crop production What is tillage and why was it originally used? - correct answersTillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Early Americans believed that tillage helped roots penetrate soil easier and helped with weed control. What pest control practices are used in conventional agriculture? - correct answers1. Chemical pesticides not the only way to control diseases. 2. Breeding crops for resistance to disease began in 1890. 3. Selection and breeding for resistance to insects has been in progress for about 80 years. 4. Sex attractants are being developed to permit sterilization of male insects by radiation. 5. Other attractants are used as baits for trapping insects. 6. Natural enemies of insect pests and disease organisms and viruses may help to control some pests. 7. Natural defenses are being employed into existing hybrids and cultivars using biotechnology. 8. These are a few of the efforts made to replace pesticides. Why do we care about pest management? - correct answersyield reduction from biological sources alone is estimated at about 30% or more of potential yield, yield losses occur at various stages (seedling establishment, crop growth and development, harvesting and storage), knowing the lifecycle of pests shows us when they are weakest and can be most easily controlled. What are the methods of pest management? - correct answersbiological pest management, cultural pest management, legislative pest management, physical/mechanical pest management, and chemical pest management How are pesticides classified? - correct answerstarget pests, type of material (natural or synthetic), chemical structure of the compound, mode of entry and action Who proposed that was is removed in crops should be replenished in the soils? - correct answers What are the macro-nutrients required by plants? - correct answersC. HOPKiNS Ca Mg Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, potassium, phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur, calcium, magnesium What are the micro-nutrients required by plants? - correct answersiron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum , boron, chlorine, nitrogen What are symptoms of Nitrogen deficiency in plants? - correct answersGeneral chlorosis, etiolated habit, growth is retarded and slow, spindly plants, affects mature parts first What are symptoms of Phosphorus deficiency in plants? - correct answersDark green of blue-green foliage, red, purple, and brown pigments on leaves develop especially along veins, reduced growth and stunting What are symptoms of Potassium deficiency in plants? - correct answersDark green/blue-green leaves, small spots of dead tissue (necrotic spots) on leaves, marginal necrosis or leaf scorch What are some potential issues that has led to the development of more sustainable practices? - correct answerscompaction from equipment, monoculture, mass inputs, loss of OM from tillage/not using cover crops (most crops don't get left to decay back into OM, they are removed or a significant portion is removed, excess nutrients degrade local waterways and drinking water, erosion issues What happened in 1929 and how did farmers respond? - correct answersstock market crash, farmers tried to recover their losses by overplanting and increasing crop yields What happened in ? - correct answersdrought, and then severe dust storms (more than 38) What quantity of soil was dropped on Chicago by one of the worst storms during the Dust Bowl? - correct answers12 million pounds What did president FDR do to address some of the problems that resulted from the Dust Bowl? - correct answersNew Deal What are some soil conservation measures? Define and describe each one. - correct answersContour plowing reduces water erosion by planting crops along the slope of the land rather that straight up and down, strip cropping, cover crops, terracing, What is the concept of no-till, and why is it beneficial? - correct answersNo-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage. ... In many agricultural regions, it can reduce or eliminate soil erosion. What may hinder some farmers to adopting no-till practices? - correct answersSome farmers do not want to change their ways, costs, availabilities In response to the Dust Bowl, was was built from ? What was the function of this? - correct answersGreat Plains Shelterbelt (220 million trees) were planted in order to reduce wind velocity and lessen evaporation of moisture from the soil. What is the Green Revolution? - correct answersthe development of more productive, drought-tolerant, pest-resistant, higher-yielding types of grain How did the Green Revolution shape conventional agriculture as we see it today? - correct answers1. The movement away from subsistence agriculture, where farmers produce to support their families, to industrialized monoculture, where only a few commercially valuable crops are grown. 2. The introduction of intensive artificial breeding of crops and genetic engineering, 3. The increased use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Are most irrigation systems efficient? What percentage of the irrigated water actually reaches crops? - correct answersMost irrigation systems are inefficient, with only about 40% of the applied water actually reaching the crops. What are the types of irrigation? Define and describe them. - correct answers1. Furrow irrigation works by delivering large amounts of water through small, parallel channels that run through the field (40-60% efficient). 2. Drip irrigation uses porous tubes above or below ground that gradually deliver water to the roots of individual plants (90-95% efficient).