NSG 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1
Unit 1
Unit Student Learning Outcomes (USLOs):
1. Apply knowledge related to cellular regulation concepts of disease progression. (CSLO 1)
2. Examine simple to complex concepts of cellular regulation related to pathophysiological disease progression.
(CSLO 2)
3. Evaluate current evidence related to pathophysiological concepts of cellular regulation. (CSLO 3)
4. Integrate clinical inferences related to pathophysiological simple to complex concepts of cellular regulation
disease progression. (CSLO 4)
What is Pathophysiology?
Pathophysiology refers to the study of abnormalities in the physiologic functioning of living beings. (aka study
of disease)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Concepts
Framework for Pathophysiology
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
An understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of a particular disorder leads to a
diagnosis, which suggests that certain treatments may be helpful.
o Based on common or “classic” presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human
beings
o Interrelated topics in pathophysiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment implications
Etiology
o Study of causes or reasons for a phenomena o Identifies causal factors that, acting in concert,
provoke a particular disease or injury.
o Classifications
Idiopathic:
• The cause is unknown.
Iatrogenic:
• Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment o Side
and adverse effects
o Risk factor(s)
A factor that when present, increases the likelihood of disease.
DOES NOT guarantee the individual will get the specific disease.
Modifiable vs Unmodifiable
1
, Pathogenesis
o The beginning and development of the disease. This encompasses when the disease process first
began to the point when the disease presents itself.
o Etiologic Factors
Are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical
manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/disease.
o Other terms:
Healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Hospital-acquired infections
Clinical Manifestations
Signs: objective, something observed and measurable
• Examples: blood pressure, heartrate and temperature
Symptoms: subjective, something the patient tells you on how they feel
• Examples: nausea, shortness of breath or in pain
Syndrome: etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined o Stages
and Clinical Course
Latent Period:
• Time between exposure to injurious agent and first appearance of signs
and/or symptoms
• Also referred to as the Incubation Period in which where the Individual has
become infected.
Prodromal Period:
• The first sign or symptom appears indicating onset of disease.
Manifest Illness:
• Full intensity of disease Latent Period (Silent):
• Becomes mild or disappears.
Subclinical Stage:
• The disease process is well established; but the patient can now perform
normally.
Acute clinical course:
• Short-lived; may have severe signs and symptoms (manifestations)
Chronic clinical course:
• May last months to years; may follow an acute course.
Exacerbation:
• A sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms Remission:
• Decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured.
Convalescence:
• Stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure Sequela:
• Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness.
Complication:
• A new or separate process that may arise secondarily because of some
change produced by the original problem.
2
Unit 1
Unit Student Learning Outcomes (USLOs):
1. Apply knowledge related to cellular regulation concepts of disease progression. (CSLO 1)
2. Examine simple to complex concepts of cellular regulation related to pathophysiological disease progression.
(CSLO 2)
3. Evaluate current evidence related to pathophysiological concepts of cellular regulation. (CSLO 3)
4. Integrate clinical inferences related to pathophysiological simple to complex concepts of cellular regulation
disease progression. (CSLO 4)
What is Pathophysiology?
Pathophysiology refers to the study of abnormalities in the physiologic functioning of living beings. (aka study
of disease)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Concepts
Framework for Pathophysiology
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
An understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of a particular disorder leads to a
diagnosis, which suggests that certain treatments may be helpful.
o Based on common or “classic” presentation of disease in the physiologic functioning of human
beings
o Interrelated topics in pathophysiology
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment implications
Etiology
o Study of causes or reasons for a phenomena o Identifies causal factors that, acting in concert,
provoke a particular disease or injury.
o Classifications
Idiopathic:
• The cause is unknown.
Iatrogenic:
• Cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment o Side
and adverse effects
o Risk factor(s)
A factor that when present, increases the likelihood of disease.
DOES NOT guarantee the individual will get the specific disease.
Modifiable vs Unmodifiable
1
, Pathogenesis
o The beginning and development of the disease. This encompasses when the disease process first
began to the point when the disease presents itself.
o Etiologic Factors
Are thought to alter physiologic function and lead to the development of clinical
manifestations that are observed in a particular disorder/disease.
o Other terms:
Healthcare associated infections (HAIs)
Hospital-acquired infections
Clinical Manifestations
Signs: objective, something observed and measurable
• Examples: blood pressure, heartrate and temperature
Symptoms: subjective, something the patient tells you on how they feel
• Examples: nausea, shortness of breath or in pain
Syndrome: etiology of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined o Stages
and Clinical Course
Latent Period:
• Time between exposure to injurious agent and first appearance of signs
and/or symptoms
• Also referred to as the Incubation Period in which where the Individual has
become infected.
Prodromal Period:
• The first sign or symptom appears indicating onset of disease.
Manifest Illness:
• Full intensity of disease Latent Period (Silent):
• Becomes mild or disappears.
Subclinical Stage:
• The disease process is well established; but the patient can now perform
normally.
Acute clinical course:
• Short-lived; may have severe signs and symptoms (manifestations)
Chronic clinical course:
• May last months to years; may follow an acute course.
Exacerbation:
• A sudden increase in severity of disease or signs or symptoms Remission:
• Decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured.
Convalescence:
• Stage of recovery after a disease, injury, or surgical procedure Sequela:
• Subsequent pathologic condition resulting from an illness.
Complication:
• A new or separate process that may arise secondarily because of some
change produced by the original problem.
2
