HRM 446 - Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
Leadership - Answers is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers, and the
situation; leadership as "the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing
its goals"
1. Leadership is both a science and an art
2. Leadership is both rational and emotional
ii. Some leadership researchers have focused on the personality, physical traits, or behaviors of
the leader; others have studied the relationship between follower and leader; others look at the
situation
iii. The process by which an agent induces a subordinate to behave in a desired manner
iv. Directing and coordinating the work of group members
v. An interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to not because they have
to
vi. Process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals
vii. Actions that focus resources to create desirable opportunities
viii. Creating conditions for a team to be effective
ix. A complex form of problem solving
x. Ability to get results and ability to build teams; these represent the what and how of
leadership
xi. Leadership risk taking, dynamic, creativity, change, and vision.
1. Leaders are thought to do things right
2. Leaders: innovate, develop, inspire, long-term view, ask what and why, originate, and
challenge the status quo
Management - Answers suggests words like efficiency, planning, paperwork, procedures,
regulations, control, and consistency
,b. Managers are thought to do things right
c. Risk taking, dynamic, creativity, change, and vision
d. Managers administer
i. Maintain
ii. Control
iii. Short-term view
iv. Ask how and when
v. Imitate
vi. Accept the status quo
e. There is an overlap between management and leadership
Followership - Answers a. Leadership is a social influence process shared among all members
of a group. Leadership is not restricted to the influence exerted by someone in a particular
position or role; followers are part of the leadership process too.
b. The followers' expectations, personality traits, maturity levels, levels of competence, and
motivation affect the leadership process too.
c. The followers' motivation to do their work is also important
d. The number of followers reporting to leader also has significant implications
i. Ex: if it only has 3 subordinates then the leader can spend more time with each of them
Heroic theory - Answers a. Most early research on leadership was based on the assumption that
leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the
leadership is manifested
, i. Has been largely discredited but for a long time represented the dominant way of
conceptualizing leadership
ii. Search for the universal traits of leadership and not the leader's behaviors
Perceptual set - Answers can influence any of our senses, and they are the tendency or bias to
perceive one thing and not another
i. Many factors can trigger a perceptual set, such as feelings, needs, prior experience, and
expectations
ii. Its role of distorting what we hear proved a costly lesson when a sympathetic airline pilot told
his depressed copilot, 'cheer up' but the copilot misunderstood and thought he said 'gear up'
iii. We do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do we hear
everything. Instead we are selective in what we attend to and what we, in turn, perceive.
Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answers occurs when our expectations or predictions play a casual role
in bringing about the events we predict
i. This prophecy occurs at the large-scale phenomena (economists predicting economic
downturn/crisis) and at the interpersonal level (a person's expectations about another may
influence how he acts toward her, and in reaction to his behavior she may act in a way that
confirms his expectations)
ii. Example of self-fulfilling prophecy was collected by Eden and Shani in the context of a military
boot camp
1. Thus merely having expectations (positive or negative) about others can subtly influence our
actions, and these actions can, in turn, affect the way others behave
Leadership - Answers is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers, and the
situation; leadership as "the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing
its goals"
1. Leadership is both a science and an art
2. Leadership is both rational and emotional
ii. Some leadership researchers have focused on the personality, physical traits, or behaviors of
the leader; others have studied the relationship between follower and leader; others look at the
situation
iii. The process by which an agent induces a subordinate to behave in a desired manner
iv. Directing and coordinating the work of group members
v. An interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to not because they have
to
vi. Process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals
vii. Actions that focus resources to create desirable opportunities
viii. Creating conditions for a team to be effective
ix. A complex form of problem solving
x. Ability to get results and ability to build teams; these represent the what and how of
leadership
xi. Leadership risk taking, dynamic, creativity, change, and vision.
1. Leaders are thought to do things right
2. Leaders: innovate, develop, inspire, long-term view, ask what and why, originate, and
challenge the status quo
Management - Answers suggests words like efficiency, planning, paperwork, procedures,
regulations, control, and consistency
,b. Managers are thought to do things right
c. Risk taking, dynamic, creativity, change, and vision
d. Managers administer
i. Maintain
ii. Control
iii. Short-term view
iv. Ask how and when
v. Imitate
vi. Accept the status quo
e. There is an overlap between management and leadership
Followership - Answers a. Leadership is a social influence process shared among all members
of a group. Leadership is not restricted to the influence exerted by someone in a particular
position or role; followers are part of the leadership process too.
b. The followers' expectations, personality traits, maturity levels, levels of competence, and
motivation affect the leadership process too.
c. The followers' motivation to do their work is also important
d. The number of followers reporting to leader also has significant implications
i. Ex: if it only has 3 subordinates then the leader can spend more time with each of them
Heroic theory - Answers a. Most early research on leadership was based on the assumption that
leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the
leadership is manifested
, i. Has been largely discredited but for a long time represented the dominant way of
conceptualizing leadership
ii. Search for the universal traits of leadership and not the leader's behaviors
Perceptual set - Answers can influence any of our senses, and they are the tendency or bias to
perceive one thing and not another
i. Many factors can trigger a perceptual set, such as feelings, needs, prior experience, and
expectations
ii. Its role of distorting what we hear proved a costly lesson when a sympathetic airline pilot told
his depressed copilot, 'cheer up' but the copilot misunderstood and thought he said 'gear up'
iii. We do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do we hear
everything. Instead we are selective in what we attend to and what we, in turn, perceive.
Self-fulfilling prophecy - Answers occurs when our expectations or predictions play a casual role
in bringing about the events we predict
i. This prophecy occurs at the large-scale phenomena (economists predicting economic
downturn/crisis) and at the interpersonal level (a person's expectations about another may
influence how he acts toward her, and in reaction to his behavior she may act in a way that
confirms his expectations)
ii. Example of self-fulfilling prophecy was collected by Eden and Shani in the context of a military
boot camp
1. Thus merely having expectations (positive or negative) about others can subtly influence our
actions, and these actions can, in turn, affect the way others behave
