UPDATE!!!!2025/2026|GUARANTEED
What are the top 4 rule-outs for emphysematous cystitis?
What are the confirmatory tests for each? - ANSWER 1. Cushing's --> ACTH Stim
2. Diabetes mellitus --> UA
3. Chronic UTI --> Urine culture
4. Bladder stones --> Radiographs
**occurs due to gas-forming bacteria; patient may be asymptomatic & only see disease on
rads
What is the MST for Osteosarcoma in dogs & cats with amputation alone? -
ANSWER Dogs = 3-4 mos
Cats = 12+ mos (less metastasis)
Which nerve block disrupts motor innervation to the orbicularis oculi? -
ANSWER Auriculopalpebral
**branch of Facial n. = no sensory block
What are the 2 most common feline teeth to be affected by odontoclastic resorption? -
ANSWER 307 & 407 (first premolars)
1
,What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in foals? - ANSWER Rotavirus
**malabsorptive D+
What congenital heart disease results in polycythemia due to hypoxemia? -
ANSWER Right to left shunt (ex: TOF)
**venous blood w/ low O2 shunted to systemic circulation
What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs?
What is the treatment for this? - ANSWER Persistent right 4th aortic arch --> resection
of ligamentum arteriosum
**Right 3rd becomes right internal carotid
At which egg count on the McMaster's should you consider deworming? -
ANSWER 300 eggs/g of feces
**level at which weight gain will be affected
Where is the correct placement for an esophagostomy tube in a cat? How long should the
tube be (approximately)? - ANSWER LEFT side of neck --> 12-13th rib
T OR F:
A typical presentation in a cow with LDA is an elevated HR & RR with normal temp. -
ANSWER FALSE --> Normal vitals
2
,What are the top 2 tumors in dogs associated with hypercalcemia? - ANSWER 1.
Lymphoma
2. Anal sac adenocarcinoma
T OR F: Vesicular stomatitis & FMD are caused by the same virus. - ANSWER FALSE -->
FMD is Picorna, VS is Rhabdo
What are the 3 main body systems affected by Distemper? - ANSWER GI, Neuro,
Respiratory
What virus causes Distemper? - ANSWER Paramyxovirus (enveloped RNA)
**also causes Rinderpest and Measles
About how long will it take a mandibular symphysis to heal after its been separated? -
ANSWER 5-7 weeks (remove cerclage wire ~6 weeks)
What is the causative agent of Poll evil or Fistulous whithers? - ANSWER Brucella
abortus
What are the hallmark signs of anterior uveitis? - ANSWER Hyphema & keratic
precipitates
What is the primary clinical sign associated with KCS in dogs? - ANSWER Mucoid
ocular discharge
What structures pass through the guttural pouch? - ANSWER Internal (medial) &
External (lateral) carotid aa.
Cranial sympathetic trunk (medial)
3
, CN 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 (medial)
T OR F: HYPP IS an autosomal dominant disease - ANSWER TRUE
What are the 3 determinants of stroke volume? - ANSWER Preload, afterload, &
contractility
**SV = CO x HR
What 2 species exhibit a true lactational anestrus? - ANSWER Pigs & Cats
What age range in dogs is most susceptible to Distemper virus?
What about Parvovirus? - ANSWER Distemper = 3-6 months
Parvo = 6 wks - 6 months
How can you differentiate between hepatic lipidosis & cholangiohepatitis in cats on
bloodwork? - ANSWER GGT will be increased with cholangiohepatitis, not HL
**both have high ALP and icterus
What is Gonitis referring to in horses? - ANSWER Stifle arthritis
How do Omega3 FA help treat OA? - ANSWER increase production of less
inflammatory eicosanids (compared to pro-inflammatory omega6 eicosanids)
4
What are the top 4 rule-outs for emphysematous cystitis?
What are the confirmatory tests for each? - ANSWER 1. Cushing's --> ACTH Stim
2. Diabetes mellitus --> UA
3. Chronic UTI --> Urine culture
4. Bladder stones --> Radiographs
**occurs due to gas-forming bacteria; patient may be asymptomatic & only see disease on
rads
What is the MST for Osteosarcoma in dogs & cats with amputation alone? -
ANSWER Dogs = 3-4 mos
Cats = 12+ mos (less metastasis)
Which nerve block disrupts motor innervation to the orbicularis oculi? -
ANSWER Auriculopalpebral
**branch of Facial n. = no sensory block
What are the 2 most common feline teeth to be affected by odontoclastic resorption? -
ANSWER 307 & 407 (first premolars)
1
,What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in foals? - ANSWER Rotavirus
**malabsorptive D+
What congenital heart disease results in polycythemia due to hypoxemia? -
ANSWER Right to left shunt (ex: TOF)
**venous blood w/ low O2 shunted to systemic circulation
What is the most common vascular ring anomaly in dogs?
What is the treatment for this? - ANSWER Persistent right 4th aortic arch --> resection
of ligamentum arteriosum
**Right 3rd becomes right internal carotid
At which egg count on the McMaster's should you consider deworming? -
ANSWER 300 eggs/g of feces
**level at which weight gain will be affected
Where is the correct placement for an esophagostomy tube in a cat? How long should the
tube be (approximately)? - ANSWER LEFT side of neck --> 12-13th rib
T OR F:
A typical presentation in a cow with LDA is an elevated HR & RR with normal temp. -
ANSWER FALSE --> Normal vitals
2
,What are the top 2 tumors in dogs associated with hypercalcemia? - ANSWER 1.
Lymphoma
2. Anal sac adenocarcinoma
T OR F: Vesicular stomatitis & FMD are caused by the same virus. - ANSWER FALSE -->
FMD is Picorna, VS is Rhabdo
What are the 3 main body systems affected by Distemper? - ANSWER GI, Neuro,
Respiratory
What virus causes Distemper? - ANSWER Paramyxovirus (enveloped RNA)
**also causes Rinderpest and Measles
About how long will it take a mandibular symphysis to heal after its been separated? -
ANSWER 5-7 weeks (remove cerclage wire ~6 weeks)
What is the causative agent of Poll evil or Fistulous whithers? - ANSWER Brucella
abortus
What are the hallmark signs of anterior uveitis? - ANSWER Hyphema & keratic
precipitates
What is the primary clinical sign associated with KCS in dogs? - ANSWER Mucoid
ocular discharge
What structures pass through the guttural pouch? - ANSWER Internal (medial) &
External (lateral) carotid aa.
Cranial sympathetic trunk (medial)
3
, CN 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 (medial)
T OR F: HYPP IS an autosomal dominant disease - ANSWER TRUE
What are the 3 determinants of stroke volume? - ANSWER Preload, afterload, &
contractility
**SV = CO x HR
What 2 species exhibit a true lactational anestrus? - ANSWER Pigs & Cats
What age range in dogs is most susceptible to Distemper virus?
What about Parvovirus? - ANSWER Distemper = 3-6 months
Parvo = 6 wks - 6 months
How can you differentiate between hepatic lipidosis & cholangiohepatitis in cats on
bloodwork? - ANSWER GGT will be increased with cholangiohepatitis, not HL
**both have high ALP and icterus
What is Gonitis referring to in horses? - ANSWER Stifle arthritis
How do Omega3 FA help treat OA? - ANSWER increase production of less
inflammatory eicosanids (compared to pro-inflammatory omega6 eicosanids)
4
