Nursing 3000 exam test questions
and answers graded A+
Does blood perfuse the coronary circulation during systole or diastole? - ANS✅✅Diastole
What happens to myocardial blood flow when heart rate increases? - ANS✅✅When heart rate
increases, the cardiac cycle is shortened in duration; less time is spent in diastole, which decreases
the time available for coronary perfusion.
70% of oxygen in coronary blood is extracted by the myocardium at rest. This means that there is
little oxygen reserve when myocardial demand increases. What must happen when oxygen demands
of the heart increase to ensure adequate oxygen supply? - ANS✅✅If oxygen demands of the heart
increase, coronary blood flow must increase (e.g. v/d d/t NO)
which portion of the heart is first affected by MI? - ANS✅✅the first inner third (furthest away from
the coronary artery and subject to higher pressures from the inside of the heart)
subendocardial infarct - ANS✅✅sudden reperfusion of coronary artery following an MI, where
only the inner third of the ventricle wall is irreversibly damaged (infarct)
N-STEMI
can also be caused by conditions that dec perfusion:
- severe atherosclerosis
- hypotension
sources of heat gain - ANS✅✅external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
sources of heat loss - ANS✅✅- evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
,- breathing
What regulates body temperature? - ANS✅✅hypothalamus - determines set point
why are older adults at risk for hypothermia? - ANS✅✅less heat gain:
- smaller meals
- mobilize less (less muscle activity)
- less cellular metabolism
more heat loss:
- less fat -> more heat loss
why does stress inc body temp? - ANS✅✅PSR -> inc metabolism
inc muscle tension
vasoconstricton -> less heat loss
fever definition - ANS✅✅increase in core body temperature d/t resetting of thermodynamic set
point in response to pyrogens
is PSR the cause of fever? - ANS✅✅alone, no.
if underlying cause of PSR causes the release of pyrogens (infection), then yes
general causes of fever (2) - ANS✅✅infection
inflammation
causes of hyperthermia - ANS✅✅malignant hyperthermia
PSR
malignant hyperthermia - ANS✅✅A hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production that
occurs when susceptible people receive certain anesthetic drugs.
, causes of hypothermia - ANS✅✅heat loss during sx (open body cavity, anesthesia, cold OR)
therapeutic hypothermia (dec metabolic demand)
exogenous pyrogens - ANS✅✅e.g. from bacteria cells walls; act indirectly by stimulating the
release of endogenous pyrogens (cytokines)
endogenous pyrogens - ANS✅✅cytokines released by macrophages and leukocytes
IL-1, TNF-alpha
physiology of fever - ANS✅✅1. endogenous pyrogens enter circulation -> brain
2. synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the hypothalamus
3. PGE2 acts on hypothalamus -> resets thermoregulatory set point (higher)
stages of fever - ANS✅✅- chill phase (baselines temp below new set point)
- fever
- defervescence phase (pyrogens cease to act; mechanisms to dec temp to normal)
what autonomic responses help to increase temp to new set point? - ANS✅✅epinephrine released
v/c - diverts blood to the core so less heat is lost
skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
behavioural responses in order to increase body temp - ANS✅✅external heat sources: fire,
sweaters etc (inc heat gain and decreases heat loss)
how does thyroid hormone play a role in thermoregulation? - ANS✅✅increases heat gain during
prolonged periods of cold (e.g. winter)
not acutely responsible during chill-phase of a fever
and answers graded A+
Does blood perfuse the coronary circulation during systole or diastole? - ANS✅✅Diastole
What happens to myocardial blood flow when heart rate increases? - ANS✅✅When heart rate
increases, the cardiac cycle is shortened in duration; less time is spent in diastole, which decreases
the time available for coronary perfusion.
70% of oxygen in coronary blood is extracted by the myocardium at rest. This means that there is
little oxygen reserve when myocardial demand increases. What must happen when oxygen demands
of the heart increase to ensure adequate oxygen supply? - ANS✅✅If oxygen demands of the heart
increase, coronary blood flow must increase (e.g. v/d d/t NO)
which portion of the heart is first affected by MI? - ANS✅✅the first inner third (furthest away from
the coronary artery and subject to higher pressures from the inside of the heart)
subendocardial infarct - ANS✅✅sudden reperfusion of coronary artery following an MI, where
only the inner third of the ventricle wall is irreversibly damaged (infarct)
N-STEMI
can also be caused by conditions that dec perfusion:
- severe atherosclerosis
- hypotension
sources of heat gain - ANS✅✅external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
sources of heat loss - ANS✅✅- evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
,- breathing
What regulates body temperature? - ANS✅✅hypothalamus - determines set point
why are older adults at risk for hypothermia? - ANS✅✅less heat gain:
- smaller meals
- mobilize less (less muscle activity)
- less cellular metabolism
more heat loss:
- less fat -> more heat loss
why does stress inc body temp? - ANS✅✅PSR -> inc metabolism
inc muscle tension
vasoconstricton -> less heat loss
fever definition - ANS✅✅increase in core body temperature d/t resetting of thermodynamic set
point in response to pyrogens
is PSR the cause of fever? - ANS✅✅alone, no.
if underlying cause of PSR causes the release of pyrogens (infection), then yes
general causes of fever (2) - ANS✅✅infection
inflammation
causes of hyperthermia - ANS✅✅malignant hyperthermia
PSR
malignant hyperthermia - ANS✅✅A hereditary condition of uncontrolled heat production that
occurs when susceptible people receive certain anesthetic drugs.
, causes of hypothermia - ANS✅✅heat loss during sx (open body cavity, anesthesia, cold OR)
therapeutic hypothermia (dec metabolic demand)
exogenous pyrogens - ANS✅✅e.g. from bacteria cells walls; act indirectly by stimulating the
release of endogenous pyrogens (cytokines)
endogenous pyrogens - ANS✅✅cytokines released by macrophages and leukocytes
IL-1, TNF-alpha
physiology of fever - ANS✅✅1. endogenous pyrogens enter circulation -> brain
2. synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the hypothalamus
3. PGE2 acts on hypothalamus -> resets thermoregulatory set point (higher)
stages of fever - ANS✅✅- chill phase (baselines temp below new set point)
- fever
- defervescence phase (pyrogens cease to act; mechanisms to dec temp to normal)
what autonomic responses help to increase temp to new set point? - ANS✅✅epinephrine released
v/c - diverts blood to the core so less heat is lost
skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
behavioural responses in order to increase body temp - ANS✅✅external heat sources: fire,
sweaters etc (inc heat gain and decreases heat loss)
how does thyroid hormone play a role in thermoregulation? - ANS✅✅increases heat gain during
prolonged periods of cold (e.g. winter)
not acutely responsible during chill-phase of a fever
