NURS 3000 exam test quizzes and
answers graded A+
Common long-term disabilities of stroke - ANS✅✅hemiparesis, inability to walk, complete or
partial dependence for ADLs, aphasia, depression
blood flow rate to the brain to maintain adequate/optimal brain functioning - ANS✅✅750-1000
mL/min, or 20% of cardiac output
time it takes for things to stop working once blood stops flowing to the brain - ANS✅✅- 30 sec. to
alter neurological metabolism
- 2 min. to stop metabolism
- 5 min until cellular death
cardiac output has to be reduced by ____ before cerebral blood flow is reduced - ANS✅✅1/3
how can an area of the brain receive blood supply from another blood vessel if its original blood
supply is cut off? - ANS✅✅connections between arteries at the circle of willis
one major cause of stroke - ANS✅✅atherosclerosis
what happens if the ischemic cascade is interrupted? - ANS✅✅adequate blood flow is restored,
brain damage may be minimized, less neurological function may be lost
non-modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANS✅✅age, gender, ethnicity, race, family history,
heredity, low birth weight
modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANS✅✅asymptomatic carotid stenosis, arteriovenous
malformation, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, a. fib, alcohol use, hypercoagulability, illicit drugs,
HTN, obesity, oral contraceptive use, physical inactivity, sleep apnea, smoking
types of stroke - ANS✅✅ischemic strokes: thrombotic, embolic
hemorrhagic strokes: intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage
,ischemic strokes result from - ANS✅✅inadequate blood flow to the brain from partial or complete
occlusion of an artery
what is usually a precursor to ischemic stroke? - ANS✅✅TIA
What is TIA - ANS✅✅a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction without acute infarction of
the brain
how does thrombotic stroke occur? - ANS✅✅when a blood clot forms in a diseased and narrowed
(from plaque) blood vessel in the brain
Extent of thrombotic stroke depends on - ANS✅✅Rapidity of onset
Size of the lesions
Presence of collateral circulation
what is a lacunar stroke? - ANS✅✅a thrombotic stroke in a small penetrating artery that supplies
blood to tissue deep within the brain. many are asymptomatic, but symptoms can be severe when
present
symptoms of lacunar stroke - ANS✅✅pure motor hemiplegia, pure sensory stroke, contralateral
leg and face weakness, arm and leg ataxia, isolated motor or sensory stroke
embolic stroke occurs when: - ANS✅✅an embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery,
resulting in infarction and edema of the area supplied by the involved vessel
hemorrhagic stroke results from: - ANS✅✅bleeding into the brain tissue itself or into the
subarachnoid space or ventricles
intracerebral hemorrhage - ANS✅✅is bleeding within the brain caused by rupture of a vessel
most important risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage? - ANS✅✅HTN
,extent of the symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage depends on: - ANS✅✅amount, location,
duration of bleeding
subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when: - ANS✅✅there is intracranial bleeding into the CSF-filled
space between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes on the surface of the brain.
subarachnoid hemorrhage is commonly caused by: - ANS✅✅rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, the
majority of which are in the circle of willis
neurological manifestations ___ signficantly differ between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke -
ANS✅✅do not
motor deficits are the most obvious effect of stroke, including - ANS✅✅impairment of mobility,
respiratory function, swallowing and speech, gag reflex, and self-care abilities
akinesia - ANS✅✅loss of skilled voluntary movement
hyporeflexia - ANS✅✅depressed reflexes
Hyperreflexia - ANS✅✅hyperactive reflexes
___ reflexia often progresses to ___ reflexia - ANS✅✅hypo; hyper
lesions on one side of the brain affect facial features on the ____ side as the lesion, and the _____
side of the body - ANS✅✅same (ipsilateral); opposite (contralateral)
symptoms of right-brain damage from stroke - ANS✅✅left hemiplegia, left-sided neglect, spatial-
perceptual deficits, tends to deny or minimize problems, rapid performance with short attention
span, impusliviity and safety problems, impaired judgment, impaired time concepts
left brain damage symptoms from stroke - ANS✅✅right hemiplegia, aphasias, impaired right-left
discrimination, slow and cautious performance, awareness of deficits leading to depression and
anxiety, impaired comprehension related to language and math
, anterior cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅contralateral motor and/or sensory deficit,
sucking or rooting reflex, rigidity, gait problems, loss of proprioception, fine touch
middle cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅dominant side: aphasia, motor and sensory
deficit, hemianopia
non-dominant side: neglect, motor and sensory deficit, hemianopia
hemianopia - ANS✅✅half-blindness, or the loss of vision on half of the field of vision
posterior cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅hemianopia, visual hallucination,
spontaneous pain, motor deficit
vertebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅cranial nerve deficits, diplopia, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, dysarthria, dysphagia, coma
diplopia - ANS✅✅double vision
single most important timely primary assessment tool for a stroke patient - ANS✅✅CT scan or MRI
diagnostic studies for cerebral blood flow - ANS✅✅carotid angiography, carotid duplex scanning,
cerebral angiography, digital subtraction angiography, transcranial doppler ultrasonography
diagnostic studies for cardiac assessment - ANS✅✅cardiac markers (troponin, creatine kinase-
MB), chest radiography, echo, ECG
additional diagnostic studies for stroke - ANS✅✅CSF analysis (unless increased ICP is suspected),
coagulation studies, CBC, HbA1c, lipid profile, renal and hepatic studies
prevention therapy for stroke - ANS✅✅control of HTN, control of diabetes, treatment of
underlying cardiac problem
lifestyle modifications for stroke - ANS✅✅limiting alcohol intake, increasing exercise, weight loss
to normalize BMI, reduction of sodium intake, smoking cessation
answers graded A+
Common long-term disabilities of stroke - ANS✅✅hemiparesis, inability to walk, complete or
partial dependence for ADLs, aphasia, depression
blood flow rate to the brain to maintain adequate/optimal brain functioning - ANS✅✅750-1000
mL/min, or 20% of cardiac output
time it takes for things to stop working once blood stops flowing to the brain - ANS✅✅- 30 sec. to
alter neurological metabolism
- 2 min. to stop metabolism
- 5 min until cellular death
cardiac output has to be reduced by ____ before cerebral blood flow is reduced - ANS✅✅1/3
how can an area of the brain receive blood supply from another blood vessel if its original blood
supply is cut off? - ANS✅✅connections between arteries at the circle of willis
one major cause of stroke - ANS✅✅atherosclerosis
what happens if the ischemic cascade is interrupted? - ANS✅✅adequate blood flow is restored,
brain damage may be minimized, less neurological function may be lost
non-modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANS✅✅age, gender, ethnicity, race, family history,
heredity, low birth weight
modifiable risk factors for stroke - ANS✅✅asymptomatic carotid stenosis, arteriovenous
malformation, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, a. fib, alcohol use, hypercoagulability, illicit drugs,
HTN, obesity, oral contraceptive use, physical inactivity, sleep apnea, smoking
types of stroke - ANS✅✅ischemic strokes: thrombotic, embolic
hemorrhagic strokes: intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage
,ischemic strokes result from - ANS✅✅inadequate blood flow to the brain from partial or complete
occlusion of an artery
what is usually a precursor to ischemic stroke? - ANS✅✅TIA
What is TIA - ANS✅✅a temporary episode of neurological dysfunction without acute infarction of
the brain
how does thrombotic stroke occur? - ANS✅✅when a blood clot forms in a diseased and narrowed
(from plaque) blood vessel in the brain
Extent of thrombotic stroke depends on - ANS✅✅Rapidity of onset
Size of the lesions
Presence of collateral circulation
what is a lacunar stroke? - ANS✅✅a thrombotic stroke in a small penetrating artery that supplies
blood to tissue deep within the brain. many are asymptomatic, but symptoms can be severe when
present
symptoms of lacunar stroke - ANS✅✅pure motor hemiplegia, pure sensory stroke, contralateral
leg and face weakness, arm and leg ataxia, isolated motor or sensory stroke
embolic stroke occurs when: - ANS✅✅an embolus lodges in and occludes a cerebral artery,
resulting in infarction and edema of the area supplied by the involved vessel
hemorrhagic stroke results from: - ANS✅✅bleeding into the brain tissue itself or into the
subarachnoid space or ventricles
intracerebral hemorrhage - ANS✅✅is bleeding within the brain caused by rupture of a vessel
most important risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage? - ANS✅✅HTN
,extent of the symptoms of intracerebral hemorrhage depends on: - ANS✅✅amount, location,
duration of bleeding
subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs when: - ANS✅✅there is intracranial bleeding into the CSF-filled
space between the arachnoid and pia mater membranes on the surface of the brain.
subarachnoid hemorrhage is commonly caused by: - ANS✅✅rupture of a cerebral aneurysm, the
majority of which are in the circle of willis
neurological manifestations ___ signficantly differ between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke -
ANS✅✅do not
motor deficits are the most obvious effect of stroke, including - ANS✅✅impairment of mobility,
respiratory function, swallowing and speech, gag reflex, and self-care abilities
akinesia - ANS✅✅loss of skilled voluntary movement
hyporeflexia - ANS✅✅depressed reflexes
Hyperreflexia - ANS✅✅hyperactive reflexes
___ reflexia often progresses to ___ reflexia - ANS✅✅hypo; hyper
lesions on one side of the brain affect facial features on the ____ side as the lesion, and the _____
side of the body - ANS✅✅same (ipsilateral); opposite (contralateral)
symptoms of right-brain damage from stroke - ANS✅✅left hemiplegia, left-sided neglect, spatial-
perceptual deficits, tends to deny or minimize problems, rapid performance with short attention
span, impusliviity and safety problems, impaired judgment, impaired time concepts
left brain damage symptoms from stroke - ANS✅✅right hemiplegia, aphasias, impaired right-left
discrimination, slow and cautious performance, awareness of deficits leading to depression and
anxiety, impaired comprehension related to language and math
, anterior cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅contralateral motor and/or sensory deficit,
sucking or rooting reflex, rigidity, gait problems, loss of proprioception, fine touch
middle cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅dominant side: aphasia, motor and sensory
deficit, hemianopia
non-dominant side: neglect, motor and sensory deficit, hemianopia
hemianopia - ANS✅✅half-blindness, or the loss of vision on half of the field of vision
posterior cerebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅hemianopia, visual hallucination,
spontaneous pain, motor deficit
vertebral artery stroke manifestations - ANS✅✅cranial nerve deficits, diplopia, dizziness, nausea,
vomiting, dysarthria, dysphagia, coma
diplopia - ANS✅✅double vision
single most important timely primary assessment tool for a stroke patient - ANS✅✅CT scan or MRI
diagnostic studies for cerebral blood flow - ANS✅✅carotid angiography, carotid duplex scanning,
cerebral angiography, digital subtraction angiography, transcranial doppler ultrasonography
diagnostic studies for cardiac assessment - ANS✅✅cardiac markers (troponin, creatine kinase-
MB), chest radiography, echo, ECG
additional diagnostic studies for stroke - ANS✅✅CSF analysis (unless increased ICP is suspected),
coagulation studies, CBC, HbA1c, lipid profile, renal and hepatic studies
prevention therapy for stroke - ANS✅✅control of HTN, control of diabetes, treatment of
underlying cardiac problem
lifestyle modifications for stroke - ANS✅✅limiting alcohol intake, increasing exercise, weight loss
to normalize BMI, reduction of sodium intake, smoking cessation
