Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction
– 13th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
Comprehensive Test Bank
VE
for Instructors and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
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©Medexcellence ✅��
, Table of Contents
To the Instructor iv
UV
Syllabi (10 weeks) v
(16 weeks) ix
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
IA
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 13
Chapter 3: Criminal Law 25
Chapter 4: Policing: Purpose and Organization 35
_A
Chapter 5: Policing: Legal Aspects 47
Chapter 6: Policing: Issues and Challenges 57
Chapter 7: The Courts 70
Chapter 8: The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial 79
Chapter 9: Sentencing 89
PP
Chapter 10: Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 103
Chapter 11: Prisons and Jails 113
Chapter 12: Prison Life 123
Chapter 13: Juvenile Justice 136
RO
Testbank 146
VE
D?
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??
iii
, CHAPTER 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential
in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although crime waves have come and gone,
IA
some events during the past century stand out as especially significant, including a spurt of
widespread organized criminal activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early
twentieth century, the substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s,
_A
the threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same time, the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ongoing threat from radical Islam.
The theme of this book is that of individual rights versus public order. As this chapter points out,
the personal freedoms guaranteed to law-abiding citizens as well as to criminal suspects by the
PP
Constitution must be closely guarded. At the same time, the urgent social needs of communities
for controlling unacceptable behavior and protecting law-abiding citizens from harm must be
recognized. This theme is represented by two opposing groups: individual rights advocates and
public-order advocates. The fundamental challenge facing the practice of American criminal
RO
justice is in achieving efficient and cost-effective enforcement of the laws while simultaneously
recognizing and supporting the legal rights of suspects and the legitimate personal differences
and prerogatives of individuals.
Even though justice may be an elusive concept, it is important to recognize that criminal justice
VE
is tied closely to notions of social justice, including personal and cultural beliefs about equity
and fairness. As a goal to be achieved, criminal justice refers to those aspects of social justice
that concern violations of the criminal law. Although community interests in the administration
of criminal justice demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators, criminal justice
D?
ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of offenders, and fair play by
justice administration agencies.
This chapter describes the process of American criminal justice as a system with three major
components—police, courts, and corrections—all of which can be described as working together
??
toward a common goal. However, a systems viewpoint is useful primarily for the simplification
that it provides. A more realistic approach to understanding criminal justice may be the
nonsystem approach. As a nonsystem, the criminal justice process is depicted as a fragmented
??
activity in which individuals and agencies within the process have interests and goals that at
times coincide but often conflict.
1
, The stages of criminal case processing include investigation, the issuance of a warrant, arrest,
booking, first appearance in court, defendant’s preliminary hearing, return of an indictment by
the grand jury or filing of an information by the prosecutor, arraignment of the defendant before
UV
the court, adjudication or trial, sentencing, and corrections. As a field of study, corrections
includes jails, probation, imprisonment, and parole.
The principle of due process, which underlies the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution,
is central to American criminal justice. Due process means procedural fairness and requires that
IA
criminal case processing be conducted with fairness and equity. The ultimate goal of the
criminal justice system in America is achieving crime control through due process.
_A
The study of criminal justice as an academic discipline began in this country in the late 1920s
and is well established today. Scientific research has become a major element in the increasing
professionalization of criminal justice, and there is a strong call today for the application of
evidence-based practices in the justice field.
PP
American society today is a multicultural society, composed of a wide variety of racial and
ethnic heritages, diverse religions, incongruous values, disparate traditions, and distinct
languages. Multiculturalism complicates the practice of American criminal justice because there
is rarely universal agreement in our society about what is right or wrong or about what
RO
constitutes “justice.” As such, multiculturalism presents both challenges and opportunities for
today’s justice practitioners.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
VE
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American
criminal justice system.
D?
2. Describe the public-order (crime-control) and individual-rights (due-process)
perspectives of criminal justice, concluding with how the criminal justice system
balances the two perspectives.
3. Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness.
4. Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components
??
and their respective functions.
5. Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case
processing.
??
6. Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due
process.
2
– 13th Edition
UV
TEST BANK
IA
_A
PP
Frank Schmalleger
RO
Comprehensive Test Bank
VE
for Instructors and Students
D?
© Frank Schmalleger
All rights reserved. Reproduction or distribution without permission is prohibited.
??
??
©Medexcellence ✅��
, Table of Contents
To the Instructor iv
UV
Syllabi (10 weeks) v
(16 weeks) ix
Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice? 1
IA
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture 13
Chapter 3: Criminal Law 25
Chapter 4: Policing: Purpose and Organization 35
_A
Chapter 5: Policing: Legal Aspects 47
Chapter 6: Policing: Issues and Challenges 57
Chapter 7: The Courts 70
Chapter 8: The Courtroom Work Group and the Criminal Trial 79
Chapter 9: Sentencing 89
PP
Chapter 10: Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections 103
Chapter 11: Prisons and Jails 113
Chapter 12: Prison Life 123
Chapter 13: Juvenile Justice 136
RO
Testbank 146
VE
D?
??
??
iii
, CHAPTER 1
What Is Criminal Justice?
UV
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
The American experience with crime during the last half century has been especially influential
in shaping the criminal justice system of today. Although crime waves have come and gone,
IA
some events during the past century stand out as especially significant, including a spurt of
widespread organized criminal activity associated with the Prohibition years of the early
twentieth century, the substantial increase in “traditional” crimes during the 1960s and 1970s,
_A
the threat to the American way of life represented by illicit drugs around the same time, the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the ongoing threat from radical Islam.
The theme of this book is that of individual rights versus public order. As this chapter points out,
the personal freedoms guaranteed to law-abiding citizens as well as to criminal suspects by the
PP
Constitution must be closely guarded. At the same time, the urgent social needs of communities
for controlling unacceptable behavior and protecting law-abiding citizens from harm must be
recognized. This theme is represented by two opposing groups: individual rights advocates and
public-order advocates. The fundamental challenge facing the practice of American criminal
RO
justice is in achieving efficient and cost-effective enforcement of the laws while simultaneously
recognizing and supporting the legal rights of suspects and the legitimate personal differences
and prerogatives of individuals.
Even though justice may be an elusive concept, it is important to recognize that criminal justice
VE
is tied closely to notions of social justice, including personal and cultural beliefs about equity
and fairness. As a goal to be achieved, criminal justice refers to those aspects of social justice
that concern violations of the criminal law. Although community interests in the administration
of criminal justice demand the apprehension and punishment of law violators, criminal justice
D?
ideals extend to the protection of the innocent, the fair treatment of offenders, and fair play by
justice administration agencies.
This chapter describes the process of American criminal justice as a system with three major
components—police, courts, and corrections—all of which can be described as working together
??
toward a common goal. However, a systems viewpoint is useful primarily for the simplification
that it provides. A more realistic approach to understanding criminal justice may be the
nonsystem approach. As a nonsystem, the criminal justice process is depicted as a fragmented
??
activity in which individuals and agencies within the process have interests and goals that at
times coincide but often conflict.
1
, The stages of criminal case processing include investigation, the issuance of a warrant, arrest,
booking, first appearance in court, defendant’s preliminary hearing, return of an indictment by
the grand jury or filing of an information by the prosecutor, arraignment of the defendant before
UV
the court, adjudication or trial, sentencing, and corrections. As a field of study, corrections
includes jails, probation, imprisonment, and parole.
The principle of due process, which underlies the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution,
is central to American criminal justice. Due process means procedural fairness and requires that
IA
criminal case processing be conducted with fairness and equity. The ultimate goal of the
criminal justice system in America is achieving crime control through due process.
_A
The study of criminal justice as an academic discipline began in this country in the late 1920s
and is well established today. Scientific research has become a major element in the increasing
professionalization of criminal justice, and there is a strong call today for the application of
evidence-based practices in the justice field.
PP
American society today is a multicultural society, composed of a wide variety of racial and
ethnic heritages, diverse religions, incongruous values, disparate traditions, and distinct
languages. Multiculturalism complicates the practice of American criminal justice because there
is rarely universal agreement in our society about what is right or wrong or about what
RO
constitutes “justice.” As such, multiculturalism presents both challenges and opportunities for
today’s justice practitioners.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
VE
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Summarize the history of crime in America and corresponding changes in the American
criminal justice system.
D?
2. Describe the public-order (crime-control) and individual-rights (due-process)
perspectives of criminal justice, concluding with how the criminal justice system
balances the two perspectives.
3. Explain the relationship of criminal justice to general concepts of equity and fairness.
4. Describe the American criminal justice system in terms of its three major components
??
and their respective functions.
5. Describe the process of American criminal justice, including the stages of criminal case
processing.
??
6. Define due process of law, including where the American legal system guarantees due
process.
2
