NURS 504 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM
EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/WELL RESEARCHED PAPER ALREADY
GRADED A+
Headache, cognitive impairments, psychologic and
somatic complaints, cranial nerve signs and symptoms -
....ANSWER...Postconcussive Syndrome
Reassurance and symptomatic relief
Close observation for 24 hours by a reliable individual so
immediate intervention can be obtained if delayed effects
become severe - ....ANSWER...Postconcussive
Syndrome Treatment
Excess thyroid hormone is due to thyroid dysfunction
Examples:
1
,Graves' disease
Nodular thyroid disease
Thyrotoxic crisis - ....ANSWER...Primary
Hyperthyroidism
Signs, symptoms and side effects due to elevated thyroid
hormones - ....ANSWER...Thyrotoxicosis
Excess TSH (pituitary adenoma) -
....ANSWER...Secondary hyperthyroidism
T4 = 5.6-13.7 ug/dl (mcg/dl)
FT4 = 0.8-1.5 ng/dl
T3= 87-180 ng/dl
FT3 = 230-420 pg/d;
TSH = 0.4-4.5 mIU/L (mU/L) - ....ANSWER...Normal
Thyroid Hormone Levels
Increased metabolic rate
2
,Exacerbates the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
Everything speeds up
Weight loss, increased appetite, intolerance to heat, hair
loss, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity,
irritability, hypoglycemia, apathy, polyuria, polydipsia,
delirium, tremor, pretibial myxedema, and sweating -
....ANSWER...Hyperthyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
50-80% of all cases of hyperthyroidism (most common in
women)
Autoimmune disease that stimulates the thyroid
Antibodies (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins) bind to
TSH receptors mimicking the effect of TSH
Variants in several MHCs have been identified
Increased function of the thyroid leads to increased
thyroid vascularity and growth (goiter)
Brain size decreases and ventricle size increases
Neurological deficits may result due to stimulation to
cerebral mitochondria by T3 this can then lead to
apoptosis by release of cytochrome c -
....ANSWER...Graves' Disease
3
, Hyperactivity of sympathetics
Infiltrates in extraocular muscles cause muscles to increase
in size and push eyes outward - ....ANSWER...Ocular
effects of Graves' Disease
Overactive or constitutively active follicular cells
These cells may produce too little for the body, sufficient,
or too much TH
If one node is over active, called toxic adenoma
If more than one node is overactive, called toxic
multinodular goiter - ....ANSWER...Nodular thyroid
disease
Brain injury caused by compromised systemic circulation
with hypotension, shock or inadequate pulmonary
ventilation - ....ANSWER...Tertiary brain injury
Injury on the pole opposite the site of impact -
....ANSWER...Contrecoup
Injury directly below the point of impact -
4
EXAM 2025/2026 BANK COMPLETE 450
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED VERIFIED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT ANSWERS)
/WELL RESEARCHED PAPER ALREADY
GRADED A+
Headache, cognitive impairments, psychologic and
somatic complaints, cranial nerve signs and symptoms -
....ANSWER...Postconcussive Syndrome
Reassurance and symptomatic relief
Close observation for 24 hours by a reliable individual so
immediate intervention can be obtained if delayed effects
become severe - ....ANSWER...Postconcussive
Syndrome Treatment
Excess thyroid hormone is due to thyroid dysfunction
Examples:
1
,Graves' disease
Nodular thyroid disease
Thyrotoxic crisis - ....ANSWER...Primary
Hyperthyroidism
Signs, symptoms and side effects due to elevated thyroid
hormones - ....ANSWER...Thyrotoxicosis
Excess TSH (pituitary adenoma) -
....ANSWER...Secondary hyperthyroidism
T4 = 5.6-13.7 ug/dl (mcg/dl)
FT4 = 0.8-1.5 ng/dl
T3= 87-180 ng/dl
FT3 = 230-420 pg/d;
TSH = 0.4-4.5 mIU/L (mU/L) - ....ANSWER...Normal
Thyroid Hormone Levels
Increased metabolic rate
2
,Exacerbates the effect of the sympathetic nervous system
Everything speeds up
Weight loss, increased appetite, intolerance to heat, hair
loss, muscle aches, weakness, fatigue, hyperactivity,
irritability, hypoglycemia, apathy, polyuria, polydipsia,
delirium, tremor, pretibial myxedema, and sweating -
....ANSWER...Hyperthyroidism
Clinical Manifestations
50-80% of all cases of hyperthyroidism (most common in
women)
Autoimmune disease that stimulates the thyroid
Antibodies (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins) bind to
TSH receptors mimicking the effect of TSH
Variants in several MHCs have been identified
Increased function of the thyroid leads to increased
thyroid vascularity and growth (goiter)
Brain size decreases and ventricle size increases
Neurological deficits may result due to stimulation to
cerebral mitochondria by T3 this can then lead to
apoptosis by release of cytochrome c -
....ANSWER...Graves' Disease
3
, Hyperactivity of sympathetics
Infiltrates in extraocular muscles cause muscles to increase
in size and push eyes outward - ....ANSWER...Ocular
effects of Graves' Disease
Overactive or constitutively active follicular cells
These cells may produce too little for the body, sufficient,
or too much TH
If one node is over active, called toxic adenoma
If more than one node is overactive, called toxic
multinodular goiter - ....ANSWER...Nodular thyroid
disease
Brain injury caused by compromised systemic circulation
with hypotension, shock or inadequate pulmonary
ventilation - ....ANSWER...Tertiary brain injury
Injury on the pole opposite the site of impact -
....ANSWER...Contrecoup
Injury directly below the point of impact -
4
