Portage Learning A&P I Final Exam
questions and answers 2025\2026 update
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or
F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger
or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface
to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to
volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell
expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell
,decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its
surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to
its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent
aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus
into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
,Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts
as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal
cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen,
rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete
hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many
of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the
, activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in
the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
questions and answers 2025\2026 update
List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.
The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen and liver
True or False?
a. Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria. (T or F)
b. The purpose of cellular respiration is to produce ATP. (T or F)
c. Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface of a cell membrane. (T or
F)
d. Endocytosis is the process that occurs to eject biomacromolecules from the cell.
(T or F)
e. Pinocytosis uses a signaling molecule from another cell, binding to the cell
membrane to bring about changes within the cell proteins. (T or F) a. True
b. True
c. False
d. False
e. False
You are observing two cells under the microscope. They are the same type of
eukaryotic cell but one appears much larger. Based on appearance alone, which
one would you expect to be carrying out respiration at a more active rate, the larger
or smaller cell? Explain why.
I believe it is the smaller cell that will breathe at a more active rate because in
order for respiration to occur efficiently and more actively the surface area to
volume ratio is very critical; also, if the larger surface area is present then the
diffusion of gases occur at a higher rate; so, larger cells will have a smaller surface
to volume ratio and diffusion that will occur at a slower rate creating a less active
respiration; and, on the other hand smaller cells will have a larger surface area to
volume ratio and an improved diffusion rate, so the higher rate and more active
respiration.
The smaller cell. Cells need to remain relatively small because as a cell
expands the amount of surface area relative to the volume of the cell
,decreases. The smaller cell is more active because relative to its volume, its
surface area is larger than a bigger cell. With a larger surface area (relative to
its volume) this allows the metabolic processes to occur faster.
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Explain what happens to the epiglottis during swallowing. Why?
During swallowing the epiglottis moves inferiorly to close off and prevent
aspiration by covering the trachea and creating a passage for liquid, food, or bolus
into the esophagus; and, preventing these things from entering into the lungs.
Air and food pass in which one of the following areas:
Oropharynx
Label the following five items from the diagram:
Label B- ___________
Label D- __________
Label E- __________
Label F- __________
Label G- __________
B - Oral Cavity
D - Epiglottis
E - Glottis
F - Trachea
G - Esophagus
From widest to narrowest, the branches of the bronchial tree are:
Primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, bronchioles
Explain why someone who has hypergastrinemia (excessive secretion of gastrin)
might develop gastric/stomach ulcers.
,Hypergastrinemia leads to excess secretion of the gastrin hormone, which induces
excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach; and, the excess acid then acts
as a protective mucousa layer causing disruption that can lead to those ulcers.
Gastrin stimulates the secretions of pepsinogens and hydrochloric acid. Excess
amounts would lead to erosion of the stomach lining.
Look carefully at the diagram below. Label the following 5 organs of the digestive
system.
To receive credit for the intestines you must label the specific region.
3: ___________
4: ___________
7: ___________
9: ___________
10: ___________
3. Stomach
4. Gallbladder
7. Jejunum
9. Appendix
10. Rectum
Note: Essay answers must clearly be in your own words.
Answer the following essay question:
Describe parietal cells and chief cells: name their location, secretions and purposes.
Parietal and chief cells are located in the stomach wall and they secrete gastric
juices and mucous, secrete hormones that regulate digestive activity; also, parietal
cells produce HCl in the stomach; and, chief cells secrete te enzymes pepsinogen,
rennin, and gastric lipase.
The parietal cells (located in the wall of the stomach body) secrete
hydrochloric acid, generating a pH of 1.3-3.5. This very acidic pH kills many
of the bacteria ingested along with food. In addition, the low pH stops the
, activity of salivary amylase. The secretion of hydrochloric acid is essential in
the activation of pepsin.
Chief cells: secrete pepsinogen. Pepsinogen (a pre-enzyme) is secreted by the
chief cells in the stomach. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive pepsinogen
(secreted by the chief cells) into the active enzyme pepsin which begins the
breakdown of proteins.
Label the following bones of the skeleton from the figure below:
1: ____________
3:____________
5:____________
7: ____________
8: ____________
1: Frontal bone/frontal sinuses
3: Maxilla
5: Vomer
7: Maxilla
8: Mandible
Label the bones in the figure below:
A: ____________
B: ____________
C: ____________
D: ____________
E: _____________
A. Pisiform
B. Hamate
C. Capitate
